Hindu Terms

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Hindu Terms

• Moksha
• Dharma
• Karma
• Ahimsa
• Reincarnation
• Avatar

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Hinduism

• Main religion today in Indian subcontinent
• No Founder Ancient Aryans began telling
  parables
• Main texts the 5,000 year old Vedas
  collections of stories
• believed in one spiritual entity that made up
  everything called Brahman
• Brahman showed itself through avatars,
  representations

There are no original pictures of the Vedas
because no one wrote the stories down till
thousands of years later
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Ganesha
Vishnu
Dancing Shiva
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Beliefs
priests

• Believed in Reincarnation
• - If you live a life according to your dharma
  (duty to your caste), your karma (Brahmans
  consequence for you behavior), will carry you to
  the next level
• - if you do wrong, you go down
• Caste System, like a class system, once born into
  a certain level, you could not move up or down
  your entire life
• After you reach the highest caste level, you
  reincarnate and achieve moksha (oneness with
  Brahman)
• Also believed in non-violence, Ahimsa

warriors
Merchants/Farmers
Servants
The caste system was created by the Aryans
because they were fierce warriors and imposed it
on people they conquered
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• If you were a God, what would your avatar be?

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Hindu Rituals

• Daily there is NOT a single ritual that ALL
  Hindus MUST follow
• Most perform worship in the form of prayer or
  recitation at dawn and dusk
• Generally, a Hindu must bathe before performing a
  worship or prayer ritual cleanse oneself before
  approaching a god
• Most rituals are performed at home
• Rituals at home involve drawing good luck symbols
  on the ground, offering food to an idol in their
  living room
• Yearly Festival of Ganesha festival for those
  who worship Ganesha God of prosperity

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Hindu Temples

• Brahmin in India are responsible for the ritual
  offerings many live in monasteries, dormitories
  for
• In US they act in a more pastorly role
  organizing corporate worship and services
• Temples are designed architecturally to reflect
  the levels of the caste system
• Each temple has many gods depending on the
  avatars that the people of the local region
  believe in
• Choosing a site of a temple
• Soil testing - whichever type of soil it is,
  thats the caste it will serve
• White Brahmin
• Red Kshatriya
• Yellow Vaisya
• Black Sudra

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Other Hindu Beliefs
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Buddhism

• Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BC), is the founder
  of Buddhism
• Was a born a Hindu prince but gave up position to
  seek the meaning of life
• He went against dharma and caste
• Buddha means I am awake.
• Buddhas sayings were collected in the
  Tripitaka or three baskets of knowledge
• All Buddhists believe The Four Noble Truths about
  life which Buddha discovered.

1. All life is full of suffering
2. The cause of suffering is the desire for
   illusions health, riches, power, long life.
3. The only cure is to overcome desire.
4. The way to overcome desire is to follow the
   eightfold path.

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Buddhism Spreads

• India is in the middle of the Silk Road
• Traders who converted to Buddhism took Buddhism
  to East Asia
• Today, Zen Buddhism is the type practiced in
  Asia

FAT Asian Buddha

• Practice of Zen, a type of meditation, came from
  an Indian Buddhist monk, Bodhidarma, who
  travelled to East Asia in the 400s AD 800 yrs
  after Buddha
• It became popular because East Asian religions
  did not offer significant release from suffering
• (Buddhism is not highly common in India today.
  Its more popular in Western and Northern India)

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The Eightfold Path
Nirvana
Nirvana

• Right views
• Right aspirations
• Right speech
• Right conduct
• Right livelihood
• Right effort
• Right mindfulness
• Right contemplation

How to Achieve Nirvana
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Buddhism Reincarnation

• There are six realms of existence
• Depending on Karma you may be reborn into one of
  them
• Buddhists do NOT believe in the same darmha of
  Hindus
• For them, darmha means a lifestyle of discipline
  not duty to caste
• At the human level a person can break out of the
  cycle of reincarnation and achieve Nirvana
• A soul does not have to live through every level
  to achieve enlightenment
• A soul can achieve enlightenment in one lifetime
• Buddhists believe in a figurative Hell but not
  Heaven
• In other words, hell is not a place you are
  sent after Judgement Day
• Your stay there is not permanent

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Review

• What are the two words for achieving oneness with
  Brahman in Hinduism and Buddhism?
• Who founded each religion?
• What are the main spiritual texts of each
  religion?
• What leader is responsible for the spread of
  Buddhism?

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Deccan Plateau

• Dravidians lived to the south of the Mauryan
  Empire, in the Northern Deccan

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Maurya Empire

• Responsible for the spread of Buddhism
• 321 185 B.C. Height of Empire
• Chandragupta conquered part of the Deccan
  Plateau

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Mauryan Leaders

• Chandragupta maintained order through
  well-organized bureaucracy
• Many officials managed every aspect of society
  and trade shipyards, road building, factories
• Had brutal secret police to report corruption and
  dissent
• Trained women warriors to guard palace

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Mauryan Leaders

• Asoka grandson of Chandragupta conquered the
  rest of the Deccan
• Converted to Buddhism rejects non-violence
• Sends missionaries to spread Buddhism around
  India
• Set up stone pillars proclaiming Buddhist sayings

Read p 84. Asoka Biography and answer question
on piece of paper.
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Decline of Maurya Empire

• Asokas death
• Rivaling kingdoms of the Deccan

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Silk Road ancient trade route
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Guptas

• Golden Age of Indian Empires
• 500 years after the Mauryans 320 500 A.D.
• Capital city Patiliputra
• Relaxed rule much power resided with governors
• Faxian Chinese Buddhist monk visited and wrote
  about the Gupta rule

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Advances

• Education Buddhist Monastery at Nalanda taught
  mathematics, religion, medicine, physics,
  language
• Mathematics Gupta empire brought concept of
  zero, decimal system, Arabic numerals
• Literature Kalidasa the most famous poet and
  playwright of the Gupta Empire
• Medicine small pox vaccinations, plastic
  surgery, surgery
• Arts Dancing Read page 84

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Decline of Guptas

• Weak leaders
• White Han invaders

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Assignment

• Read pp. 86-88 take notes on the lives of
  ancient India

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Notes Quiz

1. Who was responsible for spreading Buddhism to
   China through, in part, missionaries?
2. What is the main way that Buddhism came to China?
3. What ancient leader united all of India by
   conquering the Deccan Plateau?
4. Where is the Deccan plateau?
5. Fill in the blank Moksha is to Hinduism as
   _______ is to Buddhism.
6. Dharma is your ____ to your caste.
7. What is Karma? Describe it in your own words.
8. Hindus believe in reincarnation. Explain in 2
   sentences how that relates to the social caste
   system.
9. What are the two words for achieving oneness with
   Brahman in Hinduism and Buddhism?
10. Who founded each religion? Hinduism __________
    Buddhism _________
11. What are the main spiritual texts of each
    religion?_________, ___________
12. What leader is responsible for the spread of
    Buddhism?

Extra Credit (1 pt each) 1. What is the Jewish
Holy book? 2. Who is considered the father of the
Jews, or the founder of Judaism?
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• Group 1 Family Life, p. 87-88
• Group 2 Wisdom of Confucius, p. 89
• Group 3 Legalism, 90-91
• Group 4 Daoism
• Group 5 Buddhism in China

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Groups 1 Family Life, p. 87-88 (this group
can follow the subheadings in your book) 2
Wisdom of Confucius, p. 89 3 Legalism, 90-91 4
Daoism, 90-91 5 Buddhism in China, 92 (use
the section on Indian Buddhism) You will have 2
minutes to make your presentation. Determine who
will speak and when. Take notes while another
group is speaking.

• Presentation Must Include
• Founder or how the religion arrived there
• Give (approx.) dates of founder and religion
• Mention important vocabulary or facts
• List sacred text
• Describe moral teachings, sayings, and philosophy

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Word Bank

• Vedas Tripitaka alphabet represents
  sounds represents things no founder
• Euphrates River code of law
  wedge-shaped used for priests to worship
  
• caste system stone pillars monotheistic
  Polytheistic Tigris River Siddartha
  Gautama
• carriers of civilization pictogram
  nirvana moksha reincarnation
• silk road Deccan plateau fertile
  crescent judgment Day
  afterlife
• Yearly floods united the subcontinent
  Sumer, Assyria, Babylon Akhenaton and
  Nefertiti

• GPS EQ answer the following at the bottom of
  your test
• Name the two ways in which Buddhism got to China,
  and identify which one is the most important way.
• Describe how Hindus link the caste system to
  their religious beliefs.

Homework Fill in Qin, Zhou, kung Tzu, Mandate of
Heaven, and Confucianism on your guided notes.
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What is the vocabulary word that means
non-violence?

• Ahimsa
• http//teachersites.schoolworld.com/webpages/AClea
  ry/

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What word refers to a physical or mental action
or motion that is performed regularly and has
religious or spiritual meaning behind it?

• ritual

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What are the Dalits?

• Untouchables or gods children

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Who advocated for the Dalits in the 1930s and
1940s?

• Mohandas Ghandi

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Which light-skinned, ancient, Indo-European group
came from the Northern part of India and
conquered the Southern darker skinned people
putting them into the caste system?

• Aryans

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What word means duty, or obligation, to your
caste?

• Dharma

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What is the name of the Elephant God, the God of
prosperity and intelligence?

• Ganesha

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What is the word that is the English equivalent
of a worship service?

• Puja or Pooja

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What does jalit mean?

• caste

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Which ancient book stresses the importance of the
caste system and fulfilling ones duty?

• The Baghavad Gita

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Who is the Warrior prince who must kill his
family and friends in order to please the God
Krishna?

• Arjuna

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What word means representation of a God, or a
Gods persona?

• Avatar

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Why do Hindus believe they are NOT a polytheistic
religion?

• Because they worship the avatars, or
  representations of the one spirit, Brahman

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How is racism incorporated into the caste system?

• Often in India, the darker ones skin, the lower
  one is in the caste levels

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Why has Southern India largely broken away from
the caste system in politics?

• It has a strong economic base allowing more
  wealth, so that all levels benefit
• Technological advances have allowed those of
  lower castes to become rich and move up

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What is the name for the main religious Hindu
text, an at least 4,000 year old collection of
scriptures that form the basis of Hindu belief?

• The Vedas

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What is the goal of the cycle of reincarnation?

• To achieve Moksha
• OR
• To break out of the cycle of suffering through
  life and reincarnation

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What does it mean to achieve Moksha - what
happens to the persons soul?

• It becomes one with Brahma/Brahman

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What are the main gods that are worshipped in
Hinduism?

• Brahma
• Shiva
• Vishnu
• Ganesh/Ganesha
• Parvati (Ganeshas mother)

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How does one get to the next caste level?

• By fulfilling ones duty to ones caste, even if
  that means collecting cow patties

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How does a Hindu temple reflect the belief in the
caste system?

• It has many archictectural levels just like the
  castes

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Where do most Hindus worship and perform the
rituals?

• In the home

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What group of people makes up the highest caste
level before Moksha?

• Brahmin or Preists

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Place a Wager
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Why do you think that the majority of lower caste
people in India followed the strict caste system
for so many years without rebelling against it?

• Possible answers
• -many in the lower castes rationalized that if
  they had to endure a life of suffering, that they
  would at least get relief eventually by making it
  to the next level their suffering would last
  forever
• -the warrior castes oppressed those castes below
  them and the lower castes had no choice but to
  obey them, kind of like American slavery
• -warrior castes had to explain why certain groups
  of people were left out of financial prosperity
  and were subjugated under them, thus they began
  to believe they were better than other groups of
  people obviously god wanted them in charge
  because they had done something to deserve it

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Buddhism Review Game
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• Buddhism is often called the __________________
  Way of __________________________.
• Middle compassion

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• What communist country controls Tibet causing
  many tantric Buddhists to flee?
• China

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• What is the Shambala Sun?
• The most popular Buddhist Magazine

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• What two belief systems combined to make up
  tantric Buddhism?
• Local animist beliefs and Buddhism

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• In what modern day country was Siddartha Gautama
  born?
• Nepal

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• Why was the Buddha brought up in seclusion?
• His father wanted him to be a prince, not a holy
  leader

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• Where is tantric Buddhism practiced?
• Nepal

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• What is another form of Japanese Buddhism called?
• Zen

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• Where else is Zen Buddhism practiced?
• America

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• How is Zen practiced?
• Meditation OR peaceful arrangements

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• In Nepal, people believe Buddha was an
  incarnation of the Hindu god _____________________
  __________.
• Vishnu

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• What does a prayer wheel do?
• Send prayers up to heaven

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• What does it mean to be an austere ascetic?
• Live a strict life dedicated to god

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• How old was Siddartha when he discovered the path
  to enlightenment?
• 35

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• Buddhism is known as the middle way because
  believers maintain a balance between self
  ______________ and self _____________________.
• Denial indulgence

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• What is the main difference between the two major
  types of Buddhism?
• Theroveda does not think of Buddha as God
  Mahayans worship him

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• What does Mahayana mean?
• The large vehicle

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• Where is Mahaya Buddhism practiced? (name at
  least countries)
• China, Korea, Japan

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• What principle is Mahayana Buddhism founded on?
• A flexible religion that can accomdate other
  beliefs

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• Where is Theravada Buddhism practiced? (name at
  least 3 countries)
• Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos South East Asia

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• What does Theraveda mean?
• Doctrine of the elders

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• How many people are Buddhists today?
• 250 million

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• Stupas, or ___________________, contain Buddhist
  relics (artifacts) and remains of Buddhist
  priests.
• Earthen mounds

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• Why are animals important in the Buddhist faith?
• Because it comes from Hinduism in which animals
  are sacred

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• What kind of painting is used as objects of
  meditation in Buddhism?
• Tangkha

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• What is the Tripitika?
• 3 baskets of knowledge OR sayings of Buddha

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• How old was the Buddha when he died?
• 80

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• What is the Noble Eightfold Way?
• The right way to live your life to achieve Nirvana

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• In Buddhism, Nirvana is escape from
  ___________________________ even though a person
  cannot escape without dying, by meditating, a
  person can escape the pain of ____________________
  .
• Reincarnation life

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• Karma is the law of conservation of
  ____________________, according to Buddhist
  beliefs.
• energy

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• Change this sentence to make it true
• If you go to Hell, in Buddhism, you remain there
  forever.
• If you go to Hell, in Buddhism, you can
  reincarnate out.

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• How did Buddhism spread to East Asian countries?
• Through the silk road some missionaries

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Place a Wager
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• Compare and Contrast Buddhism and Hinduism

• Hinduism
• Moksha enlightenment
• Karma leads to enlightenment
• Get good Karma by following caste rules
• Reincarnate through every level of caste system
• Cannot skip caste levels
• No founder
• Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesh are gods

• Buddhism
• Nirvana enlightenment
• Karma leads to enlightenment
• Get good karma by following Eight Fold Path
• Reincarnate through 6 levels
• Can skip levels
• Siddartha Gautama was founder
• Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesh are gods