Understanding the Heart

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Understanding the Heart

• Anatomy and physiology
• Of Coronary Artery Disease
• And Treatment

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How the heart works.

• The heart and circulation.
• The heart as a pump.
• Blood supply to the heart - the coronary
  arteries.
• The heart valves.

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• The heart is a muscular pump.
• Circulating blood carries oxygen from the lungs
  and nutrients from the liver.

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• The heart itself must receive enough oxygenated
  blood.
• Blood is supplied to the heart through the
  coronary arteries, two main branches which
  originate just above the aortic valve.

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• The Heart has Four one-way Valves
• Aortic Valve.
• Mitral Valve.
• Pulmonary Valve.
• Tricuspid Valve.

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• Artery walls have three layers.
• The inner layer provides a slippery surface.
• The middle layer is strong, elastic and muscular.
• The outer, fibrous, layer adds strength and
  contains tiny blood vessels that supply blood to
  the arteries themselves.
• Narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries
  is the main cause of a group of disorders known
  as ischaemic heart disease.

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Coronary Artery Disease.

• Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is the phrase used
  when referring to any cardiac condition involving
  the coronary arteries.
• Angina is a feeling of tightness or pain across
  the chest that may spread outwards to the
  shoulders, upper arms and back.
• Angina may occur with exercise or strong emotion
  and can be worse after a meal or in cold weather.
  Symptoms usually disappear after 1-2 minutes rest.

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Heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI)

• Heart attack is when part of the heart muscle
  dies. This is usually caused by a blood clot
  (coronary thrombosis), which has blocked one of
  the coronary arteries supplying the heart and
  depriving the tissues of oxygen.

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Coronary Artery Disease treatment

• Angioplasty Stent
• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft.

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• Treatment for C.A.D involves the removal or
  treatment of risk factors.
• Sometimes procedures to enlarge or bypass
  coronary artery narrowing are required.
• If Coronary Disease is not treated and the
  coronary artery becomes blocked the result may be
  a heart attack.

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Treatments for coronary disease - angioplasty

• Coronary angioplasty involves inserting a balloon
  into a diseased (blocked/narrowed) coronary
  artery through an artery in the groin or arm.
• Commonly a metal support (stent) is inserted
  into the artery to help keep it open.

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A close up of a Stent.
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C. A. B. G. Veins and sometimes arteries are
grafted from the aorta to a point on the coronary
artery beyond the area of disease. This enables
an adequate blood supply to reach those parts of
the heart suffering from ischaemia.
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Valve Replacements

• Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR)
• Mitral Valve Replacement (MVR)

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An Assortment of Replacement Valves
Artificial Valves
Tissue Valves
Tricuspid Bicuspid
Mitral Valves