The Human Race

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The Human Race

• Our Origins

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Evolution of Primates

• Primates
• Mammals with 5 flexible fingers
• Earliest dwelled in trees-arboreal
• Needed special adaptations for this
• Opposable thumb.Why?
• Binocular vision
• Eyes in front of head
• Field of vision of eyes overlapdepth
• perception.Why?
• Rotating Shoulders

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Evolution of Primates

• Primates divided into 2
• groups prosimians and
• anthropoids
• Prosimians
• First primates
• i.e. Loris
• 30-40 million year fossils
• show they were common
• Nighttime hunters
• How can you tell?

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Evolution of Primates

• Anthropoids
• Monkeys, apes, and humans
• Smaller eyes--day active
• primates
• Color vision
• Larger brains
• Replaced prosimians rapidly

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Anthropoids

• Anthropoids3 categories
• Monkeys
• Have tails
• Old WorldAsia and Africa
• New WorldCentral and S. America
• Apes
• NO TAILS
• Larger brains than monkeys
• Chimps, gibbons, orangutans,
• bonobo, etc.
• Humans
• Our closest genetic primate relative is?

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Evolution of Humans

• Vocab
• Bipedal walk upright on two legs
• Hominid bipedal primates such as humans and
  their closest fossil relatives

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Hominids

• Hominids are the ONLY bipedal primates
• Locking knee joints
• Spine enters skull at
• bottom of head
• Femurs (thigh bone)
• tapers in
• Big toe in line with
• others
• Laetoli Footprints

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Hominid vs. chimpanzee

• Chimps most closely related primate to humans95
  similarity in the sequence of our genes!
• Humans jaw more arc shaped with smaller canines
  chimps U with larger canines and larger gaps.
• Hominid spine S chimps is C shaped
• Hominid pelvis is bowl-shaped, chimps long
• Hominid thigh bones taper inchimps out
• Human Evolution Video Clip

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Early Hominids

• Darwin Descent of Man
• 1871
• Said fossilized remains of ape and human common
  ancestor should be found in Africa

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Early Hominids

• Genus Australopithecus
• Lucy?Australopithecus afarensis
• Fossil found in Africa
• Hominidsshape of pelvis and femurs showed they
  were bipedal. How?
• Short36
• Brain size of chimps
• Jaws more rounded than apes
• Teeth like humans

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LUCY

• 3.5 million years old
• 40 complete
• Female

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• Showed us
• walked upright
• first
• brain size grew
• AFTER.

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SKULLS

• Lucy had a small skull like an ape, but she
  wasnt one.
• LUCY APE

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SKULLS

• A. afarensis (Lucy) Homo sapien

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LUCY

• She walked upright
• She was a bipedal hominid
• Bowl-shaped pelvis
• Thigh bones taper in
• Locking knee joint

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LUCY VS. APE
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Early Hominids

• Genus Australopithecus
• A. afarensis
• Genus Homo
• Homo habilis
• H. erectus
• H. sapiens
• NOT A COMPLETE LIST! THERE ARE OTHERS!

Time
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APES Homo sapiens

• Homo erectus
• transitional species Homo habilis
• 
  Australopithecus afarensis
• 
  common ancestor to
• 
  ape and H. sapiens

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Homo habilis

• Means Handy man
• Small structure like Lucy
• Skull 2Xs the size of Lucy
• 2- 1.8 mya in Africa
• Tools made of bone and stone.

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Homo erectus

• Peking man
• Africa / Asia / Europe
• Larger than H. habilis
• Larger brain
• Excellent tools, used fire
• 1.5 mya immediate ancestor

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Where Did H. sapiens evolve?

• Two hypotheses
• Out of Africa
• idea like Darwins
• states H. sapiens evolved IN Africa and spread to
  rest of world
• Multiregional
• H. erectus left Africa and THEN evolved into H.
  sapiens
• Out of Africa hypothesis supported by most
  evidencefossils of modern-like humans found in
  Africa

H..sapiens
H. erectus
H..sapiens
H..sapiens
H. erectus
H..sapiens
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Early H. sapiens

• Homo neanderthalensis -discovered in Neander
  Valley in Belgium
• Massive skulls,
• protruding brows
• 400,000-100,000 years
• ago
• Great controversy- did they die off (genes no
  longer) or did they evolve with us (interbred so
  genes still in our gene pool)?
• Modern H. sapiens probably evolved in Africa and
  replaced Neanderthals.

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APES Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
Mated????

• Homo erectus
• transitional species Homo habilis
• 
  Australopithecus afarensis
• 
  common ancestor to
• 
  ape and H. sapiens

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NEWSFLASH!!!!!

• 2009 Recent analysis of Ardipithecus ramidus aka
  Ardi found in 1994.
• A hominid with opposable big toes like chimps and
  apes
• 1.2 million years OLDER than Lucy, and our oldest
  known common ancestor with other primates (4.4
  mya)!
• 47 inches tall
• Show that chimps have actually evolved MORE than
  humans since our common ancestor

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APES Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
Mated????

• Homo erectus
• transitional species Homo habilis
• 
  Australopithecus afarensis
• 
  common ancestor to
• 
  ape and H. sapiens
• 
  ARDI?????

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