Albinism

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Albinism
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Genetic Engineering
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Genetic Engineering

• Altering the DNA of a cell or organism

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• G.E. Techniques

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DNA Extraction

• How do you get DNA out of a cell to work with?
• Cells cut open with enzymes
• DNA filtered out

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Multiplying DNA

• PCR process for multiplying DNA
• DNA Enzymes Nucleotides mixed in test tube
• Placed in PCR machine to regulate temp.

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PCR
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PCR

• Kary Mullis
• Invented PCR
• Won Nobel Prize in 1993

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Cutting DNA

• DNA molecules too large to work with
• Can be cut up using Restriction Enzymes -
• They cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

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Restriction Enzymes
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DNA Analysis

• Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments for
  analysis

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Gel Electrophoresis
Think jell-o
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Gel Electrophoresis
DNA neg. charged
Gel is sponge-like
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Gel Electrophoresis

• DNA has a (-) charge, moves to () end of gel
• Small pieces move in gel farther than large
• ?DNA separated by size and charge

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Bands on gel are DNA
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Ethidium bromide

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• Genetic Engineering Uses

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Gel Elec. and Paternity Testing

• If people related, DNA is similar
• REs will cut a similar pattern, can be analyzed
  on gel

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Cloning

• Ian Wilmut - cloned Dolly the sheep
• Nucleus from 1 sheep put into egg of another
• Embryo inserted into foster mother to develop

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Plasmids

• Plasmids circular DNA molecule, found in
  bacteria

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Plasmids

• Plasmid cut open with REs
• Gene of interest inserted into plasmid

Recombinant DNA DNA from 2 organisms combined
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Plasmids

• Next, plasmid placed into bacteria cell
• Protein synthesis of gene carried out
• What could be a use of this technique?
• Ex.
• Diabetes

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Diabetes

• Diabetics unable to produce insulin
• Insulin gene inserted into plasmid and bacteria
  produce it for them

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Firefly Luciferase