Multifamily Energy Efficiency Web Training 80 Slides

1
Multifamily Energy Efficiency Web Training80
Slides
2
Intent of Web Training

• Provide an overview of energy efficient and
  cost-effective design strategies for multifamily
  new construction buildings
• Benefits of energy efficiency in multifamily new
  construction buildings
• Building energy code applicable to low-rise and
  high-rise buildings
• Energy efficiency design concepts
• Information on financial incentives, and
• List of resources for energy efficiency
• It should take approximately one hour to review
  the contents of this training. This is not a
  comprehensive training, but will provide you with
  links to additional resources where you can learn
  more about multifamily energy efficiency.

3
Overview of Content

• Introduction The Value of Energy Efficiency in
  Multifamily Buildings
• Unique Aspects of Multifamily Building
  Construction
• Design Concepts and Practices for Energy
  Efficiency in Multifamily Buildings
• Energy Efficiency Measure Selection
• Envelope
• Heating
• Cooling
• Water Heating
• Lighting
• Appliances

4
Overview of Content

• How to Achieve at Least 15 Better than Code
  Using an Integrated Approach
• How to do Cost-Benefit and Payback Analyses
• Case Study
• Non-Energy Benefits of Energy Efficiency
• Financing for Energy Efficiency and Green
  Measures
• Summary
• Resources

5
Introduction

• Value of Energy Efficiency in Multifamily
  Buildings

6
Why Energy Efficiency?

• Energy efficiency saves
• money, energy, and resources
• making homes more
• affordable, comfortable, and attractive to
  residents.
• It increases
• Comfort
• Energy Savings
• Property Value
• Maintenance Savings
• Tenant Payment Security
• to list a few
• A minimally compliant Title 24 building is the
  worst building you can legally build in
  California!

7
CA Residential New Construction
Multifamily is making its way back into new
construction

• Overall home-building is down, but the proportion
  of multifamily to single family units permitted
  in California is growing

• 45 of new California homes permitted between
  January and September 2008 were multifamily

U.S. Census Bureau
8
Multifamily Trends and Projections

• The California Department of Finance projects
  there will be over 44 million people in 2020
  (almost 5 million more than Californias current
  population)
• More people equates to more demand for housing

9
Unique Aspects of MF Buildings

• MF buildings come in high-rise and low-rise
  varieties
• Building design, equipment selection,
  construction practices, and code regulations vary
  by building type
• MF buildings often include nonresidential areas
• Common spaces Corridors, entry ways, laundry
  facilities, leasing offices, recreational rooms,
  etc.
• Energy measures must be analyzed separately if
  more then 20 of the total floor area is common
  space (i.e. one energy model for the residential
  area, another for the non-residential are)
• Mixed Use Projects
• Also follow the above 20 rule if more than 20
  nonresidential floor area.
• Live Work Projects
• Typically heated and/or cooled like a residence
  and using domestic water heating systems, so
  abide to residential standards
• Lighting in designated workspaces, however, must
  comply with the nonresidential prescriptive
  lighting requirements.

• MF High Rise 4 stories
• Residential DHW and lighting code requirements
• Non residential HVAC and envelope measures
• MF Low Rise - 3 or fewer stories
• All residential code requirements

10
Unique Aspects of MF Buildings

• Split Incentives
• Developers have less financial incentive to
  invest in energy efficiency when they dont
  benefit from utility bill savings
• Energy efficiency measures typically benefit the
  tenants
• Depending on whether the energy using systems are
  centralized or individually metered
• the cost of the energy use is borne by the space
  occupants or the building owner/management.
• Energy use schedules vary
• Its difficult to predict when many tenants will
  be occupying the building.
• Domestic Hot Water (DHW) The energy used to heat
  water is typically a higher percentage of the
  overall energy due to increased occupant density
  and reduced building envelope areas.

11
Cost Benefits of Energy Efficiency

• Youre probably asking yourself
• Does energy efficiency really add value to a
  building?
• As energy costs continue to sharply rise,
• where will people want to live?
• Owners can you afford not to build an energy
  efficient building?
• Designers can you afford not to design energy
  efficient buildings?

12

• First cost is important to consider,
• but the life-cycle cost
• is an even more valuable metric

13
Cost Benefits of Energy Efficiency

• So what are the costs of energy efficiency?
• Incremental first costs
• Risk (design or installation errors)
• Delays (procurement or design)
• Maintenance (knowledge)
• Financing

14
Offsetting Additional Costs

• Whats out there to help offset those costs?
• City Local Support
• State and Federal Tax Credits Increased Basis
  Threshold
• Residential Utility Incentive Programs
• New Construction
• Policy programs
• Energy Efficiency-Based Utility Allowance (EEBUA)
  schedules
• Green Building Programs
• LEED New Homes
• BIG Green Points
• Enterprise Green Communities
• NAHB Green Builder
• Smart Design
• Lead to potential lower number of call backs
• Lower construction costs

15
Design Concepts and Practices for Energy
Efficiency in Multifamily Buildings
16
Design Team

• Early team collaboration results in the most
  cost-effective solutions
• Involve an energy consultant as early as possible
  in the design process
• Optimize building orientation, window areas and
  any other potential design restrictions BEFORE
  they are locked in by the entitlement process
• Title 24 can be started in schematic drawing phase

E Consultant
Engineers
Architect
Owner/Dev
Financing
Builder
Goals/Objectives
Minimize Cost
Maximize Efficiency
Design Program
Parameters/Options
Financing Options
Energy Efficiency Design Options
Marketing Strategies
Building Strategies
Analysis
Energy Simulation
Cost Analysis
Alternatives
Non-energy benefits
Final Decisions
Inform all contractors
Construction Documents
Secure Funds
Obtain Permits
17
Title 24 Basics

• Mandatory Measures
• Lighting efficiency
• Shell insulation minimums
• Equipment efficiency minimums
• Appliance standards
• Prescriptive Packages offer a checklist of
  compliance measures
• Establishes Performance baseline
• Climate Zone dependant
• Performance Calculation allows trade-offs to meet
  the standard energy budget (baseline)
• Envelope
• Orientation, Insulation, Windows, Assemblies
• HVAC
• Heating and Cooling equipment and distribution
• DHW
• Central and individual water heating equipment
  distribution

18
Title 24 Basics

• 2005 code was 24.3 more stringent than 2001 for
  electricity use and 15.7 for gas usage for new
  multifamily buildings
• 2008 code is 19.7 more stringent than 2005 for
  electricity use and 7 for gas usage for new
  multifamily buildings
• Lower prescriptive U-factors for windows
• Additional HERS measures
• Required ventilation in residential code
• Minimum prescriptive reflectivity of roof
  materials in specific CZ
• Opaque building elements have different default
  assumptions in non-res calculation methods
• Improved controls required for outdoor lighting

California Energy Commissions Energy Impact
Analysis for 2005 and 2008 Title 24,
respectively.
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Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)

• TDV affects energy trade-offs in the performance
  approach by changing the way energy is valued
  based on the time of use of that energy
• Before 2005, T24 energy use estimates had a
  constant value regardless of the time of use
• TDV assigns higher value for on-peak savings,
  lower value for off-peak savings

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Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)

• TDV favors technologies that save more energy
  on-peak than off-peak (and dings harder for
  wasteful peak usage)
• Greater credit for
• Higher EER air conditioners
• Lower SHGC glazing
• Better duct insulation (in unconditioned spaces)
• Daylighting controls for lighting
• Greater penalties for
• West-facing glass
• Oversized, unshaded windows/skylights
• Generally neutral for
• Economizers
• Envelope insulation
• High efficiency water heating
• This affects trade-off choices using the
  performance approach (computer simulation)

21
Third PartyVerification
21

• Building department focus is Health and Life
  Safety, not energy efficiency
• Energy savings are not realized unless measures
  are installed properly
• HERS rater verifies measures for T-24 compliance
• Provide quality assurance, making certain that
  products are installed properly for maximum
  safety and efficiency
• Three C-HERS providers CHEERS, CalCERTS, CBPCA
• Commissioning
• Does not give credit in T-24 performance or
  prescriptive, but a worthwhile option for you to
  consider
• Assures that equipment is working as designed

22
Third Party Verification

• The following measures require HERS verification
  if claimed for minimal Title 24 code compliance
  (or ENERGY STAR compliance)
• New in 2008 code
• Low Leakage Air Handlers
• Refrigerant Charge Indicator Light Display
• Verified Cooling Coil Airflow
• Evaporatively Cooled Condensers
• Ice Storage Air Conditioners
• QII for Spray Polyurethane Foam
• PV Field Verification Protocol

• Continued from past years
• Reduced Duct Leakage (6)
• Supply Duct Location
• Deeply Buried Ducts
• Duct Surface Area and R-value
• Air Handler Fan Watt Draw
• Refrigerant Charge
• High EER for A/C
• Maximum Cooling Capacity
• Building Envelope Sealing
• Quality Insulation Installation (QII)

23
Energy Efficiency Measure Selection
24
Energy Efficiency Measures

• Apply your understanding of individual measures
  to an integrated design approach
• The goal is to have a good package of measures
  that are cost-effective in the long run and
  minimize first costs as much as possible
• Site Considerations
• Building Envelope Options
• HVAC Equipment
• Water Heating System
• Lighting
• Appliances
• Operations Maintenance

• Climate
• Solar Access
• Orientation

• Insulation
• Radiant barrier
• Cool roof
• Attic venting
• Windows and glazing
• Shading of building and windows (vegetation,
  overhangs, etc)
• Infiltration/leakage
• Quality insulation

These are used in Title 24 performance compliance
calculations

• Space heating and cooling
• Correct sizing and distribution

• Central or individual
• Storage or tankless
• Distribution controls
• Location
• Pipe and tank insulation

• Hardwired high efficacy lighting fixtures (CFLs,
  LEDs, etc)
• Lighting controls (dimmers, occupancy sensors,
  photometric sensors)

• ENERGY STAR dishwashers, refrigerators, clothes
  washers and natural gas clothes dryers

• Leave a guide on how to maintain and operate a
  high performance building

25
Californias Climate Zones

• There are 16 in California
• The best package of measures will vary by
  building design and climate zone
• Each building is unique, so there is no single
  silver bullet solution for every buildings

Coastal Climate Zones 1-7 Inland Climate Zones
8-16
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Envelope Site Considerations

• With careful design, the building envelope can
  control loads that affect residential building
  heating and cooling energy use
• Keep out summer heat
• Allow heat penetration from the sun in the winter
• Buildings interact with site influences such as
  sun and wind through
• Shape and shade
• Building Orientation
• Inter-building shading to minimize afternoon
  solar heat gain
• Plant deciduous trees on the south side
• Material properties
• Solar transmittance of windows
• Air infiltration properties of building envelope
• Reflectivity and emissivity of outer surfaces

• Short faces of building East-West reduce heat
  gain when the sun is at low angles in mornings
  and afternoons
• Long faces of building facing North-South allow
  heat gain when the winter sun is lower in the sky

• Shade with summer leaves and allow sun
  penetration when bare in winter

27
Envelope Windows and Ventilation

• Ventilation
• Cross Ventilation
• Inlet without outlet - Breeze will not really
  enter space
• Inlet and outlet - Cross ventilation occurs.
  Stack effect improves flow
• Stack Effect Window or roof opening for the
  outlet in a higher position than the opening for
  the inlet
• Warm air rises and exhausts
• Resulting low pressure draws air in through lower
  openings
• Windows
• Use appropriate shading devices
• Minimize SHGC and U-factors
• Select based on NFRC performance values
• Dual glazing also provides acoustic insulation
• Better windows can result in reduction of heating
  and cooling equipment size saving first costs

NFRC National Fenestration Ratings Council
SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
28
Envelope Windows and Ventilation

• What do window ratings mean?
• SHGC Fraction of solar radiation thru window
  (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient)
• If SHGC0.53, 53 of solar heat gain transmitted
• Look for SHGC of 0.35, or less
• VLT Amount of visible light transmitted
• If VLT0.75, 75 of visible light transmitted
• Look for VLT of 0.50 or more
• U-factor Rate of heat loss
• Low-emittance (Low-E) coatings are deposited on a
  window to suppress radiative heat flow (reduce
  U-factor)
• Look for U-factor of 0.40 or less
• Air Leakage Rate of Infiltration

29
Envelope Insulation Basics

• Insulation resists the flow of heat
• Measured by R-value (R Resistance)
• Types
• Fibrous Insulation Blankets, Batts, Loose-fill
• Spray Foam
• Rigid Foam Panels
• Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF)
• Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS)
• Better insulation can help reduce HVAC equipment
  size by reducing heating and cooling loads

Source www.buildingscience.com
Source www.southface.org
Source www.penta.ca
Source www.wdcicf.com
Source www.california-siphomes.com
Source www.mybungalow.com
30
Envelope Insulation Basics

• Insulation is cost effective when installed
  correctly
• In continuous contact with air barrier
• No gaps
• No compressions
• No voids
• Standard Practice Poor installation
• Gaps and voids
• Not in contact with air barrier (drywall)
• Compression

31
Envelope Insulation Basics

• Due to poor installation practices
• Insulation R-value is devalued by 13 when using
  the performance approach for T-24 compliance,
  unless
• A quality insulation installation (QII)
  inspection is conducted by a HERS rater and
  passes the following points
• Fully lofted and filled framing cavities (no
  compression)
• Full contact with air barrier
• Rim joists insulated
• Batts butt-fit or split around wiring and
  plumbing
• Wall cavities caulked or foamed for air-tight
  seal
• Pre-insulation of hard-to-access wall stud
  cavities
• Knee walls and skylight shafts insulated to min.
  R-19
• Insulation over all recessed lighting fixtures

32
Envelope Insulation Basics

• Due to poor installation practices
• Insulation R-value is devalued by 13 when using
  the performance approach for T-24 compliance,
  unless
• The Thermal Bypass Checklist and QII are
  requirements for the ENERGY STAR for Homes label
• The checklist requires inspection of the
  following to ensure the building envelope is
  thermally efficient
• Overall air barrier and thermal barrier alignment
• Walls Adjoining Exterior Walls or Unconditioned
  Spaces
• Floors between Conditioned and Exterior Spaces
• Shafts
• Attic/Ceiling Interface
• Common Walls Between Dwelling Units

33
Envelope Radiant Barrier
Radiant barrier is most effective in
cooling-dominated zones because it reflects heat
from the sun, preventing it from penetrating the
attic space

• Benefits
• Can reduce attic heat by up to 30 and block up
  to 97 of radiant heat gain
• Reduced heat gain in duct work
• Does not carry heating penalty of cool roofs
• No additional labor costs (new construction)
• Types
• Single-sided foil stapled to roof joists
  (retrofit)
• Foil-faced roof sheathing (new construction)
• Installation
• Must be adjacent to air gap
• Must face down (to avoid dust accumulation)

34
Heating and Cooling
System Type Split DX Packaged Terminal Air Conditioning/ Heat Pump Hydronic Fan Coil/ Heat Pump Furnace
Cooling Efficiency Metric Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)/Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) SEER/EER N/A
Heating Efficiency Metric Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF)/Coefficient of Performance (COP) HSPF/COP Energy Factor (EF) Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE)
Advantages Occupies little interior space Can cool multiple rooms/large areas No ductwork Efficient in individual rooms Can combine with DHW system Ducted or ductless
Disadvantages Need adjacent or roof space Occupies wall space Seen on bldg exterior Additional plumbing required Not packaged with A/C

• Federal Appliance Standards
• SEER 13 Federal Standards in effect since Jan 23,
  2006 (National Appliance Efficiency Conservation
  Act)
• Title 24 does not govern equipment efficiency of
  federally mandated equipment

35
HVAC Equipment Sizing

• Properly sized equipment can reduce energy usage
  by as much as 35
• Energy loss due to improper sizing can be greater
  than savings from higher efficiency equipment
• Tools for proper sizing
• The Air Conditioning Contractors of America
  (ACCA) www.acca.org
• Guidelines for sizing HVAC equipment ACCA
  Manual J Residential Load Calculation
• The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
  and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE )
  www.ashrae.org
• Handbooks
• Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors'
  National Association (SMACNA) www.smacna.org
• Residential Comfort Manual

36
Tools for HVAC Selection

• Directory of ARI (Air Conditioning
  Refrigeration Institute) Verified HVAC Equipment
• www.ceehvacdirectory.org
• California Energy Commission Certified Equipment
  Directory
• www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/appliance
• ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator
• www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bp
  savings_calc/Calc_CAC.xls

37
SEER vs. EER

• Minimum air conditioner efficiency is based on
  SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) because
  of Federal Standards
• SEER is the only performance indicator allowed on
  manufacturer labels
• SEER test conducted at 82º F Southeast US
  warm, humid climates
• EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) is the full load
  efficiency at specific operating conditions
• EER test conducted at 95º F California
  conditions hot, dry climate
• Helps reduce peak loads
• Credit granted for higher EER in 2008 Title 24
• Manufacturers not required to report EER
• Requires HERS inspection to obtain Title 24 credit

38
HVAC HERS Compliance Measures

• High Efficiency Air Conditioner
• Air Handler Watt Draw
• Minimum Cooling Capacity
• Duct Sealing and Testing
• Low Leakage Air Handlers
• Refrigerant Charge Measurement or Refrigerant
  Charge Indicator Light Display
• Duct Location (within conditioned space)
• Blower Door Test (Envelope infiltration)
• Verified Cooling Coil Airflow
• Evaporatively Cooled Condensers
• Ice Storage Air Conditioners

• Higher SEER
• Higher EER

• High efficiency fan duct system with low
  wattage fan

• Right sized cooling system criteria

Source National Renewable Energy Laboratory

• Reduce duct leakage to 6

• No more than 12 lineal feet of supply duct is
  outside the conditioned space
• 12 includes the air handler and plenum length

39
Ducts

• Reduce distribution losses by
• Placing ducts within conditioned space
• Conduct tight duct test
• Increase duct insulation
• Correctly size ducts
• Run duct as straight as possible

• Unsealed duct systems can leak 20-40 of their
  conditioned air
• Tight ducts are lt6

R-4.2, 6 or 8 duct insulation prescriptively
required depending on climate zone An exception
is allowed if more efficient windows and/or HVAC
systems are provided (except CZ 15)
40
Water Heating Types

• Water heating energy represents a significant
  portion of the overall energy budget in
  multifamily buildings
• Water Heating System Considerations
• Storage or Tankless/Instantaneous
• Gas or Electric
• Central or Individual
• Indirect or Direct
• Integrated with space heating system?

41
Water Heating Central Systems

• Important Elements of Energy Efficient Central
  Water Heating Systems
• High efficiency hot water source
• Recirculation loop designed for efficiency
• Recirculation loop controls
• Well insulated hot water piping and storage tank
• Efficient fixtures and appliances that reduce hot
  water consumption

• Large boilers with indirect storage tanks last
  longer than smaller water heaters and can often
  be repaired rather than replaced.
• The federal minimum standard for large gas
  boilers is 80 thermal efficiency
• Simple atmospheric boilers can reach a maximum of
  about 82 thermal efficiency
• Condensing boilers can attain thermal
  efficiencies up to 98 by capturing the sensible
  and latent heat from the flue gases.

• Central hot water systems designed with
  continuous recirculation systems are simple and
  keep tenant complaints to a minimum, but are
  extremely inefficient.
• Significant energy savings can be achieved with a
  well designed structured plumbing recirculation
  loop and advanced boiler modulation and/or demand
  controls

• Timer Controls shut off the recirculation pump at
  time when the hot water draw is expected to be
  minimal
• Temperature Controls shut off the recirculation
  pump when the return water reaches a temperature
  threshold
• Demand Controls are more advanced than the basic
  timer and temperature controls, charging the loop
  with hot water in response to demand
• Temperature Modulation Controls save energy by
  reducing the temperature of the tank water in
  times of low demand

42
Water Heating Central Systems

• Trade-Offs of Central DHW systems
• Hot Water Sub-Metering
• Conservation vs. Efficiency
• Tenants have incentive to conserve water and
  energy when they pay the utility bill
• Utility Submeter Applications manufactures only
  CA approved hot water sub-meter
• Boiler Performance Maintenance
• Condensing or not, boilers require annual
  tune-ups
• Specialty service and corrosion resistant parts
  cause higher maintenance costs
• Efficiency varies with operating condition
  temperatures

43
Water Heating Solar Hot Water

• Title 24 does give credit for solar hot water
  heating (solar PV does not)
• Solar hot water is one of the easiest methods of
  achieving high levels of energy efficiency
• Alternative to high-efficiency boilers
• Particularly complimentary to central systems
• T-24 consultant uses a savings fraction
  calculator, and solar designer determines size of
  the actual system
• Solar fraction the percentage of total hot
  water heating that the solar system will deliver

Image Sources www.findouthow.co.uk www.solarop
tions.biz
44
Lighting

• Lighting Terminology
• Lamp Light Bulb
• Lumen A unit of Visible Light
• Luminaire Light Fixture
• Efficacy Efficiency of Lighting Product
  (Lumens/watt)

45
Lighting

• Tri-Phosphor Fluorescent
• Same technology as color television
• There is only one full spectrum lamp
• Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFL)
• Can be used throughout the home
• Availability and selection increasing
• LED (Light Emitting Diode)
• Approx 20 lumens per watt
• Can be installed
• Under counters
• Hallways, staircases
• Still limited by production
• Lighting Controls
• Dimmers
• Occupancy
• Photosensors
• Timers
• Motion Sensors

46
Lighting

• All Title 24 lighting requirements are mandatory
• Not part of prescriptive package
• Not part of residential energy performance
  calculation budget
• Primarily impacts dwelling units
• The Standards apply only to permanently installed
  luminaires

47
Lighting

• T-24 Residential Lighting Standards
• Kitchens
• 50 of total wattage must be high efficicacy
• Low efficicacy luminaires must be switched
  separately
• Bathrooms, garages, laundry rooms, closets, and
  utility rooms
• High efficacy OR Controlled by a manual-on
  occupant sensor
• All other residential spaces
• High efficacy OR Controlled by a dimmer switch or
  manual-on occupancy sensor

TABLE 150-C High Efficacy Luminaire Requirements TABLE 150-C High Efficacy Luminaire Requirements
Lamp Power Rating Minimum Lamp Efficacy
5 watts or less 30 lumens per watt
over 5 and to 15 watts 40 lumens per watt
over 15 watts to 40 watts 50 lumens per watt
over 40 watts 60 lumens per watt
48
Appliances

• Look for the ENERGY STAR label on all appliances
• Refrigerators
• Choose refrigerators 20 more efficient than
  federal standards
• Top freezer models are more efficient than
  side-by-side models
• Refrigerators under 25 cubic feet are sufficient
• Dishwashers
• Look for models that save water AND energy
• Energy Factor (EF) of at least 0.65
• no heat dry option can save additional energy
• Clothes Washers
• High Modified Energy Factor (MEF) - dryer and
  water heating energy
• Low Water Factor (WF) - gallons needed per cubic
  foot of laundry
• Front loading washers are generally more
  efficient than top loading
• Clothes Dryers
• Dryness sensor for automatic shut-off when
  clothes are dry
• Discount for bulk purchases at www.quantityquotes.
  net

49
How to Achieve at Least 15 Better than Code
using Integrated Approach
50
Achieving 15 Better Than T-24

• What measures are needed in 2008 standards to get
  a 15 compliance margin?
• Measures vary by building type
• High rise versus low rise
• Central versus distributed systems
• Amount of building self shading
• Building geometry
• Measures vary by climate zone
• Focus on measures affecting largest energy use
• Peak demand related measures first
• The average answer has little use. There is no
  magic bullet solution for all buildings and
  climate zones

51
Achieving 15 Better Than T-24

• Building simulation software can evaluate the
  effectiveness of multiple measures and compare
  those results with alternate combinations
• Adding insulation will reduce cooling and heating
  loads
• Combining a radiant barrier with a lower level of
  insulation may reduce cooling loads more
  affectively than maximizing insulation alone
• The goal of the integrated design process is to
  seek the most cost-effective combination of
  energy efficient measures
• Balance first costs and energy savings

52
Achieving 15 Better Than T-24

• The same measure or combination of measures can
  result in widely divergent energy savings for
  different buildings

53
Achieving 15 Better Than T-24

• The same measure or combination of measures can
  result in widely divergent energy savings for
  different buildings
• Some measure will have more impact inland than
  coastal
• Window SHGC
• Cooling EER
• Some measures will have more impact in coastal
  climate zones
• DHW System Efficiency

54
How to do Cost-Benefit Payback Analysis
55
Cost Benefit Analysis Process
Identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures
Find utility rates and multiply by kWh and Therm
savings
Specify EE measures in building energy simulation
software
Find incremental cost estimate for each measure
(DEER database)
Use simulation software output for kWH and Therm
savings
Divide estimated annual utility savings by
incremental measure costs to get the number of
year payback
If the cost-benefit numbers arent satisfactory,
change the mix of measures and begin again
http//www.energy.ca.gov/deer/
56
Example Upgrade Detail
Payback Period
Savings per year
Cost Implication
Energy Efficiency Upgrade
Original Specification
1.6 years (after 6,000 utility incentive)
151/ Unit Or 6,070
7,000
R-30 Radiant Barrier
R-38
Ceiling Attic
N/A
Wood frame, 2x4, R-13
Wood frame, 2x4, R-13
Wall
3,900
Low-e2, Vinyl frame
Dual pane, Alum. frame
Fenestration
(1,163)
Room heat pump (downsized) (2.841 COP)
Room heat pump (6.6 HSPF)
Space Heating
Included
Room heat pump (downsized)(11.26 EER)
Room heat pump (10 EER)
Space Cooling
immediate
2,160
0.00
Central Boiler, recirc. loop w/demand pump
control
Central Boiler, recirc. Loop w/aquastat control
Water Heating
Note Costs are illustrative and not definitive.
Example is also illustrative combination of
measures will vary by building and location.
57
Case Study
58
Case Study Project Details

• Project name
• Cottonwood Creek Apartments
• Owner
• BRIDGE Housing Corporation
• Architect
• KTGY Group
• Location
• Suisun City, California
• California Climate Zone 12
• Dwelling Units 94
• Percent better than 2005 California Residential
  Building Code 17.6

Cottonwood Creek Apartments received design
assistance, cash incentives, and training
opportunities through their participation in the
CMFNH program, funded by Pacific Gas Electric.
59
Case Study EE Measures Installed

• Overall site layout increased energy efficiency
  by
• Maximizing daylighting
• Strategic landscaping to minimize solar gain in
  the summers and encourage it in the winter

60
Case Study EE Measures Installed

• Materials and mechanical systems materials
  contributing to energy efficiency included
• Radiant barrier roof sheathing
• Low E² thermally efficient windows
• Third-party HERS-rated HVAC equipment to ensure
  maximum performance of the system
• Raised heel trusses for increased insulation
• A high-performing building envelope complete with
  Quality Insulation Installation
• Ducts in conditioned spaces, tested and verified
  for leakage

61
Case Study EE Measures Installed

• In addition BRIDGE also incorporated high
  efficiency ENERGY STAR appliances and lighting
• Refrigerators, dishwashers, and front-loading
  washers and dryers
• Fluorescent lighting, light-emitting diode (LED)
  exit signs, and motion sensor lights in the
  community building.

62
Case Study - Cost Benefit Analysis

• As a result of the advanced planning and clear
  goals BRIDGE exceeded Title 24 by over 17
  without significant impact on the cost of the
  project.
• Estimated 85,000 spent on incremental energy
  efficiency upgrades (0.71 per square foot).
• CMFNH incentives received 38,540, reducing net
  cost of EE measures to 0.39 per square foot
• Total hard costs for the project 143/sqft

63
Case Study - Cost Benefit Analysis
Cost of energy efficiency upgrades only 0.27
of hard costs!
64
Case Study - Cost Benefit Analysis
Cottonwood Creek Apartments is expected to
save 27,426.83 kWh every year through good
design 12,445.60 kWh savings from
appliances This one project will be saving
enough energy every year to power roughly six
California single-family homes.
65
Case Study Payback

• Cost of EE upgrade 85,000
• Utility incentives - 38,540
• Net Cost of EE Measures 48,455
• Annual energy savings (kWh) 39,872.43
• Utility Cost (per kWh) x 0.14
• Annual utility cost savings 5,582.14
• Payback Period 48,455/5,582 8.7 years

66
Non-Energy Benefits of Energy Efficiency
67
Non-Energy Benefits of Energy Efficiency

• Beyond energy savings, energy efficiency benefits
  include
• Marketability
• Buyers and tenants value homes that are easy and
  inexpensive to maintain
• As well as socially and environmentally
  responsible
• Comfort
• Measures to reduce energy use also produce more
  comfortable living conditions
• Public recognition
• Awards are given by numerous associations for
  achievement in energy efficiency.
• Receipt of such awards may give your business
  credibility and prestige

68
Beyond EE Green Measures

• Non toxic materials and finishes
• Low VOC Paints, carpet, cabinets
• Better indoor air quality
• Local and replenishable materials
• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood
  products
• Recycled materials
• Water conservation
• Landscaping
• Irrigation
• Indigenous plant species
• Plumbing Appliances
• Dual flush toilets
• Low flow shower and sink fixtures

69
Beyond EE Green Measures

• Storm water control
• Green roofs
• Water capture
• Insulating and cool roof properties
• Permeable surfaces
• Prevent water run-off and stormwater pollution
• Greywater systems
• Onsite water recycling
• Location
• Proximity of transportation and amenities
• Low environmental impact

70
Financing for Energy Efficiency and Green Measures
71
Financing Energy Efficiency

• Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) are
  awarded to new construction and rehabilitation
  projects on a competitive points basis
• 155 points required to be competitive in the 4
  and 9 categories
• Maximum of eight points available for
  incorporating sustainable measures, including
  energy efficiency
• Of those 8 points, 6 are available for energy
  efficiency
• Exceed Title 24 by at least 10 - 4 points
• Energy Star rated fans, whole house fan,
  economizer cycle on HVAC system 2 points

72
Financing Energy Efficiency

• Additional discretionary threshold basis limits
  boost up to 5 of the projects basis limit.
• Exceed Title 24 by 15 or more
• Distributive energy technologies
• Renewable energy sources
• Tankless water heaters
• High efficiency condensing boiler
• Solar thermal domestic hot water system

73
Financing Energy Efficiency

• Federal Tax Credits for New Homes are available
  for site built homes, excluding rental properties
  and non-profits.
• 2,000 to builder for each home whose performance
  is calculated to exceed Heating and Cooling Use
  of Section 404 of 2004 Supplement of the IECC by
  50)
• The New Solar Homes Partnership offers rebates to
  reduce (buy-down) the initial cost of a
  photovoltaic system in new residential
  construction (single and multifamily).
• 2.50/watt for market-rate housing
• 3.50/watt for affordable housing projects
• Project must exceed Title 24 by at least 15

74
Summary
75
Summary Points

• Title 24 defines the worst building allowed by
  law
• Early team collaboration allows for integrated
  and cost-effective decisions
• Consider lifecycle cost, including non-energy
  benefits
• Local, statewide and federal financial incentives
  are available to offset incremental costs of
  energy efficiency upgrades
• Use a performance approach to find the best
  package of cost-effective measures for each
  unique project
• Third Party verification allows for performance
  credits and quality assurance

E Consultant
Engineers
Architect
Owner/Dev
Financing
Builder
76
Resources
77
Resources

• Program Information
• US EPA ENERGY STAR Program
• www.energystar.gov/homes
• California Multifamily New Homes Program PGE
• www.h-m-g.com/multifamily
• California Advanced Homes Program SCE, SDGE,
  SoCalGas
• http//www.sce.com/b-rs/bb/cali-new-homes/
• http//www.sdge.com/builderservices/newHomes.shtml
  
• http//www.socalgas.com/construction/ahp/
• California Multifamily Energy Efficiency Programs
• www.californiaenergyefficiency.com
• www.fyppower.com

78
Resources

• General EE Resources
• Energy Design Resources
• www.energydesignworkshops.com
• California Energy Commission
• www.energy.ca.gov
• California Association of Building Energy
  Consultants (CABEC)
• www.cabec.org
• California Multifamily Housing Consortium
• www.seiinc.org/mfconsortium.html
• Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing
  (PATH)
• www.pathnet.org
• US Green Building Council (USGBC)
• www.usgbc.org

79
Resources

• Verification and HERS rating
• California Home Energy Efficiency Rating System
• www.cheers.org
• CalCERTS
• www.calcerts.com
• CBPCA
• www.cbpca.org
• Resnet
• www.natresnet.org/herseems/ratingmethod.htm
• Building Commissioning Association
• www.bcxa.org

80
Resources

• Finance
• Energy-Efficient Mortgages
• www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/housing/energy_mort/en
  ergy-mortgage.htm
• Solar and Wind Financial Incentives Tax Credits
• www.californiasolarcenter.org/incentives.html
• Energy Efficiency-Based Utility Allowance
• www.designedforcomfort.com
• California Housing Finance Agency (CalHFA)
• www.calhfa.ca.gov/multifamily/financing/index.htm
• EnergyWie Construction Funding Directory
• www.fundinggreenbuildings.com