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Splash Screen
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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Section 1 Migration to the
Americas Section 2 Cities and Empires Section
3 North American Peoples Visual Summary
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Chapter Intro
Migration to the Americas Essential Question
How did agriculture change the lives of early
people?
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Chapter Intro
Cities and Empires Essential Question How did
the early civilizations of Mexico and Central
America develop socially, politically, and
economically?
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Chapter Intro
North American Peoples Essential Question How
was the way of life of the Native Americans of
North America related to their environment?
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Chapter Time Line
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Chapter Time Line
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Chapter Preview-End
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Section 1-Essential Question
How did agriculture change the lives of early
people?
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Section 1-Key Terms
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary

• archaeology
• artifact
• nomad
• migration

• maize
• carbon dating
• culture

Academic Vocabulary

• source
• estimate

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Section 1-Key Terms
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events

• Ice Age

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Section 1-Polling Question
Which do you believe came first, agriculture or
culture? A. Agriculture B. Culture

1. A
2. B

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Section 1
The Journey From Asia
The first Americans were hunters and gatherers
who came from Asia and spread throughout the
Americas.
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Section 1
The Journey From Asia (cont.)

• Archaeologists, experts in archaeology, believe
  that many early peoples reached the Americas by
  crossing a strip of land known as Beringia, which
  was exposed during the last Ice Age.

• As the centuries passed, many people migrated
  across Beringia and spread out across the
  Americas.

Prehistoric Migrations to the Americas
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Section 1
The Journey From Asia (cont.)

• The earliest Americans were nomads who were
  skilled at hunting large animals such as the
  wooly mammoth.

• Eventually these mammals began to die out, and
  early Americans had to find other sources of food.

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Section 1
During which period of time was the land bridge
known as Beringia exposed? A. Ice Age
B. Renaissance C. Viking Age D. Victorian Era

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
Settling Down
Agriculture changed the way of life for early
Americans.
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Section 1
Settling Down (cont.)

• Agriculture began in the Americas about 9,000
  years ago as people living in what is now Mexico
  learned to plant and raise maize.

• Using a method called carbon dating to study
  artifacts, scientists know that permanent
  settlements arose about 5,000 years ago.

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Section 1
Settling Down (cont.)

• Over time, the groups of people living in
  settlements developed their own cultures.

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Section 1
Which of the following was NOT a crop grown by
early Americans? A. Maize B. Oranges C. Pumpkins
D. Beans

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1-End
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Section 2-Essential Question
How did the early civilizations of Mexico and
Central America develop socially, politically,
and economically?
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Section 2-Key Terms
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary

• civilization
• theocracy
• hieroglyphics

• Quechua
• quipu
• terrace

Academic Vocabulary

• complex
• link

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Section 2-Key Terms
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events

• Olmec
• Maya
• Aztec
• Inca

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Section 2-Polling Question
Which of the following do you think is most
important in the successful development of a
civilization? A. A system of writing B. Advancemen
ts in agriculture C. Advancements in
architecture D. A powerful military

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations of
Mexico and Central America flourished long before
the arrival of Europeans.
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Section 2
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.)

• Long before the Europeans arrived in the early
  1500s, several civilizations arose in what is now
  Mexico and Central America.

• These civilizations developed complex systems for
  the following

• Writing
• Counting
• Tracking time

Maya Mathematics
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Section 2
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.)

• The three largest and most advanced of the early
  civilizations were the

• Olmec
• Maya
• Aztec

Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
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Section 2
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.)

• Facts about the Olmec

• Farmers produced enough food to sustain cities
  containing thousands of people.
• Workers sculpted large stone monuments and built
  stone pavements and drainage systems.

Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
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Section 2
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.)

• Facts about the Maya

• Each city had at least one stone pyramid.
• Their civilization was a theocracy.
• They developed hieroglyphics.
• Traders traveled on a network of roads carved out
  of the jungle.

Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
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Section 2
The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.)

• Facts about the Aztec

• They built Tenochtitlán, one of the greatest
  cities in the Americas.
• They were a military empire.
• They organized their society around religion.

Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
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Section 2
Which of the following civilization was still
flourishing when the Europeans arrived? A. Olmec
B. Maya C. Aztec

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 2
The Inca
The Inca in South America developed a
well-organized empire with a structured society.
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Section 2
The Inca (cont.)

• Facts about the Inca

• The Inca state was built on war and the Inca army
  was powerful.
• The Inca Empire had a population of more than 9
  million, and built at least 10,000 miles of roads
  in order to keep the empire linked.

The Inca Empire
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Section 2
The Inca (cont.)

• Quechua was the official language.

• They cut terraces into steep slopes in order to
  farm mountainous lands.

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Section 2
How did the Inca record information? A. Using
hieroglyphics B. Using quipu C. Using an
abacus D. Using the alphabet

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2-End
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Section 3-Essential Question
How was the way of life of the Native Americans
of North America related to their environment?
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Section 3-Key Terms
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary

• pueblo
• federation

• clan

Academic Vocabulary

• channel
• structure

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Section 3-Key Terms
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events

• Mound Builders
• Iroquois

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Section 3-Polling Question
Do you feel that you could adapt easier to a cold
climate or a warm climate? A. Cold B. Warm

1. A
2. B

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Section 3
Early Native Americans
The Hohokam, the Anasazi, and the Mound Builders
were among the most advanced of early North
American civilizations.
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Section 3
Early Native Americans (cont.)

• Facts about the Hohokam

• Their way of life depended on irrigation channels
  they dug to carry river water into their fields.
• They left behind pottery, carved stone, and
  shells etched with acid.

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Section 3
Early Native Americans (cont.)

• Facts about the Anasazi

• They built puebloshuge structures made of stone
  and earth.
• They also built dwellings in the walls of steep
  cliffs.

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Section 3
Early Native Americans (cont.)

• Facts about the Mound Builders

• Some of the mounds contained burial chambers,
  while some were topped with temples.
• The Adena and the Hopewell were two cultures that
  built mounds.
• The largest settlement of the Mound Builders was
  Cahokia.

Selected Sites of the Mound Builders
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Section 3
The Mound Builders appeared to be related to
which two cultures? A. Anasazi and Hopewell
B. Maya and Aztec C. Inuit and Iroquois

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 3
Other Native North Americans
The early inhabitants of North America developed
ways of life that were well suited to their
environments.
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Section 3
Other Native North Americans (cont.)

• The people who settled in the northern-most part
  of North America built igloos in the winter, and
  were hunters and fishers.

• Peoples of the West depended on the forest and
  the sea.
• Most of the peoples of the Southeast and
  Southwest farmed, but the Apache and Navajo were
  hunters and gatherers.

Native American Cultures
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Section 3
Other Native North Americans (cont.)

• Peoples of the Plains were nomadic.

• Peoples of the East formed complex societies.

• The Iroquois and Cherokee had formal law codes
  and formed federations.
• The different members of the Iroquois League were
  organized according to clans.

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Section 3
People from which area used horses to hunt and
fight? A. Southwest B. Plains C. East D. Southeas
t

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3-End
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Figure 3
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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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Vocab1
archaeology the study of ancient peoples
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Vocab2
artifact an item left behind by early people that
represents their culture
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Vocab3
nomad person who moves from place to place
in search of food or grazing land
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Vocab4
migration a movement of a large number of people
into a new homeland
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Vocab5
maize an early form of corn grown by Native
Americans
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Vocab6
carbon dating a scientific method used to
determine the age of an artifact
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Vocab7
culture a way of life of a group of people who
share similar beliefs and customs
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Vocab8
source a supply
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Vocab9
estimate approximate number
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Vocab10
civilization a highly developed culture, usually
with organized religions and laws
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Vocab11
theocracy a form of government in which the
society is ruled by religious leaders
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Vocab12
hieroglyphics an ancient form of writing using
symbols and pictures to represent words, sounds,
and concepts
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Vocab13
Quechua language spoken by the Inca
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Vocab14
quipu calculating device developed by the Inca
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Vocab15
terrace a raised piece of land with the top
leveled off to promote farming
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Vocab16
complex complicated highly detailed
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Vocab17
link join or connect
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Vocab18
pueblo home or community of homes built by Native
Americans
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Vocab19
federation a type of government that links
different groups together
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Vocab20
clan a group united by a common interest or
characteristic
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Vocab21
channel a trench or groove to allow the passage
of water
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Vocab22
structure something that is constructed or built
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