Ultrasound

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Ultrasound

• Presented by
• 6.02 x 1023
• John Randazzo
• Luis Lee
• Peter Miller
• Kevin Hardt

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History of Ultrasound

• First introduced to medical world in 1950s
• However, has its beginnings in the 1880s when
  Pierre Curie introduced simple echo sounding
  methods.
• This led to the discovery of SONAR -(Sound
  Navigating and Ranging)

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• SONAR, the technique of sending sound waves
  through the water and observing the returning
  echoes to characterize submerged objects inspired
  early ultrasound investigators.
• Shortly after WWII, researchers in Japan began to
  explore medical diagnostic capabilities of
  ultrasound.

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• The US and Europe became aware of this new
  diagnostic technique in the 1950s when Japan
  presented their findings on the use of ultrasound
  to detect gallstones, breast masses, and tumors.
• US pioneers contributed many innovations and
  important discoveries to the field in the
  following decades.

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• Early 1970s
• Gray scale static images of internal organs
• Mid 1970s
• Real-time imaging
• Early 1980s
• Spectral Doppler
• Color Doppler
• Also produced was a hand-held contact scanner
  for clinical use.

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• In the 1980s, after all these innovations,
  ultrasound technique was technologically more
  advanced than computers. Because of this, Samuel
  H. Maslak developed the 128-channel Computed
  Sonography platform. This allowed for
  black-and-white and color ultrasound images with
  superior resolution and clarity.
• 1996 Acuson Corp. developed the Sequoia 512
  system.

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• Although ultrasound is better known for its
  diagnostic capabilities, it was initially used
  for therapy rather than diagnosis.
• In the 1940s, ultrasound was used to perform
  services similar to that of radiation or
  chemotherapy now.
• Ultrasonic waves emit heat that can create
  disruptive effects on animal tissue and destroy
  malignant tissue.

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Principles of Ultrasound

• Its Components

Operations
Applications
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Components

• Transducer Probe
• Transducer Pulse Controls
• CPU
• Display
• Keyboard/Cursor
• Disk Storage Device
• Printer

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Physics of Ultrasound

• Transducer Probe
• Mouth and Ears of the machine.
• Piezoelectric Effect
• Discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie
• Application of electric currents changes the
  shape of the crystals, which in turn propagate
  sound waves.
• Receipt of sound waves changes shape of crystals
  again, which emit electrical signals.

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Uses of Ultrasound

• Detection of tumors (Oncology).
• Assesment of the development of fetus (OB/GYN).
• Evaluation of blood flow (Cardiology).
• Insertions.

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Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• Ultrasound is extensively used in obstetrics and
  gynecology as a safe, non-invasive, accurate, and
  cost effective tool to look at the fetus.
• No set number of scans, but recommended that
  normally the woman have 2 to 3.

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• 1st scan at 7 weeks confirm pregnancy, exclude
  ectopic or molar pregnancies, confirm cardiac
  pulsation, and measure the crown-rump length for
  dating
• 2nd scan at 18-20 weeks look for congenital
  malformations, exclude multiple pregnancies,
  verify dates and growth, placental position (or
  at 13-14 weeks to diagnose Down Syndrome).

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• 3rd scan at 34 weeks evaluate fetal size and
  assess fetal growth, verify fetal position

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Technique

• The womans abdomen is covered with a gel so that
  the transducer can see through the skin
• real- time scanners (frequency sound waves
  between 3.5 and 7.0 megahertz) can give a
  continuous picture of the moving fetus
• The transducer is placed in contact with the
  abdomen and moved about to look at different
  parts of the uterus. Several ultrasound beams
  scan the fetus in thin slices, which are
  recomposed into a picture on the monitor screen

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What ultrasound detects

• verify intrauterine implantation to exclude
  ectopic pregnancy, to diagnose a missed abortion,
  to establish gestation age and due date, and
  determine if there are multiple embryos

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• First trimester markers for chromosomal
  abnormalities are used to detect Down syndrome
• Hydrocephalus, anencephaly, myelomeningocoele,
  dwarfism, spina befida, exomphalos,
  gastroschisis, duodenal atresia, and fetal
  hydrops can be diagnosed before 20 weeks

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• four and a half weeks the gestational sac can be
  visualized, by five weeks the yolk sac, and by
  five and a half weeks the embryo can be
  visualized and measured
• Doppler ultrasound can detect a visible heart
  beat and blood flow in fetal blood vessels by six
  to seven weeks
• crown-rump length measured 7 to 13 weeks and
  gives an accurate estimation of gestational age,
  biparietal diameter, the diameter of the head,
  measured after 13 weeks, femur length at 14 weeks

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• cleft lips/ palate, spina bifida, polydactyl,
  low-set ears, facial dysmorphia, and clubbing of
  feet

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Ultrasound Tools

• Traditional 2-D
• 3-D
• 4-D or dynamic 3-D scanners
• Transvaginal scanning

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Images

• http//www.obgyn.net/us/us.asp?pagegallery/galle
  ryhttp//3dultrasound.ucsd.edu/gallery.htmlhtt
  p//www.ob-ultrasound.net/goodwork.html

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Safety and Risks
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• Unlike X-rays, ultrasound involves only sound
  waves
• No radiation danger
• However, sound waves can increase body
  temperature
• This is known as cavitation
• Significant only for long exposure time

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• Many studies have been conducted to determine the
  physiological effects of ultrasound cavitation
• No direct correlation has been found between
  ultrasound imaging and cancer, low birth weight,
  dyslexia or delayed speech development
• Reliable data from ultrasound techniques is hard
  to come by
• Additional studies are ongoing
• Biggest risk is misdiagnosis

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Future of Ultrasound

• Improved clarity for use in cancer diagnosis
• Increased therapeutic use to correct blood clots
  and kidney stones
• Portability and veterinary use
• Joint and muscle treatment through cavitation