Reconstruction

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Reconstruction

• Chapter 9

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After the War

• Chapter 9 1

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Lesson 7 ReconstructionPostwar Bell Ringer
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Postwar Conditions
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Consequences of War for Louisiana

• What living conditions did surviving Louisianans
  and former slaves face after the Civil War?

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Louisiana was affected by the war like an
earthquake. No one could avoid the aftershocks.
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• The end of the war brought confusion for the
  newly freed slaves.
• Freedmen (former slaves) wanted a better future,
  while the plantation owners wanted to restore the
  past.
• The northern states experienced an economic boom,
  while the war-torn South struggled to survive.

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Blacks Voting Rights

• Blacks were still not allowed to vote so a group
  of freedmen went to Lincoln arguing their rights
  and he asked Gen. Banks to allow blacks who owned
  property or who had fought for the Union to vote.

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Presidential Reconstruction
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Presidential Reconstruction

• Reconstruction refers to the steps taken to
  restore the southern states to the Union and to
  rebuild the South.
• President Lincoln wanted to restore the Union
  rather than punish the South.
• He announced his plan before the war had ended in
  his Reconstruction Proclamation.

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• Lincoln considered the Confederate states still
  part of the Union.
• Lincolns plan was called the 10 Plan.
• It allowed states to return to the Union as soon
  as 10 of the people who had voted in the
  election of 1860 sign an oath of loyalty.
• Lincoln put his plan into effect in Louisiana
  during the war.
• People in occupied Louisiana who declared their
  loyalty to the US were allowed to write a new
  state constitution.

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• Louisianas 1864 constitution abolished slavery,
  but it did not grant the freemen the right to
  vote.
• John Wilkes Booth changed history in a way he did
  not intend.
• He assassinated President Lincoln to punish him
  for the war, but Booths action hurt the South
  instead.
• Lincoln planned to bring the southern states back
  into the Union as quickly and easily as possible.

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• After Lincolns death, the 10 Plan was replaced
  w/ a much harsher congressional plan.

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Johnson and Reconstruction
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Johnson and Reconstruction

• When Vice President Andrew Jackson became
  president after Lincolns death, he faced
  immediate difficulties.
• He clashed w/ Congress as he tried to continue
  Lincolns Reconstruction plan w/ some revisions.
• Johnson began to readmit the southern states to
  the Union after voters in a state ratified
  (approved) the 13th Amendment to the
  Constitution.
• The 13th Amendment abolished slavery.

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• Juneteenth, also known as Freedom Day or
  Emancipation Day, is when the United States
  officially announced the abolition of slavery.
• This day took place on June 19, 1865.

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• President Johnson also pardoned many former
  Confederate officers, which meant they could get
  their land back.
• Some of the Republicans in Congress wanted to
  give this land to former slaves. (40 acres and a
  mule!)
• These Republicans were called Radical
  Republicans b/c they had the most extreme ideas
  about Reconstruction.
• The Radicals disagreed w/ Johnson on
  Reconstruction they believed that the South
  should be punished for the war.

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• Congress and President Lincoln had also disagreed
  about Reconstruction, but Lincoln had enough
  power to begin his more forgiving plan.
• Johnson did not have enough support in Congress
  to carry through his Reconstruction plans.
• President Johnson was impeached by the House of
  Rep. and came w/in 1 vote of being removed from
  office by the Senate.

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Reconstruction plans
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Lincoln vs. Johnson

• Lincoln
• Northerners didnt agree on how to rebuild the
  South
• 10 Plan allowed states to rejoin union after
  10 of 1860 voters signed loyalty oath
• Louisianas 1864 Constitution ended slavery, but
  forbade freedmen from voting
• assassination brought harsher reconstruction
  conditions to Louisiana

• Johnson
• readmitted Southern states that approved the 13th
  Amend.
• Republican Radicals wanted to give the land
  owned by Confederate officers to the freed slaves
• Johnson pardoned former Confederate officers,
  allowing them to keep their land
• Congress nearly voted Johnson out of office

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Chapter 9-1 Part 2 Louisianas Postwar Govt
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Louisianas Postwar Govt

• In the first statewide election, many former
  Confederates were elected to the legislature.
• Louisianas Republican Party gained strength
  during Reconstruction
• This party was made up of free people of color,
  former slaves, and northerers.
• The governor at this time was James Madison
  Wells.

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The Freedmen
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• The Freedmen's BureauAlfred R. WaudJuly 25,
  1868Reproduced from Harper's Weekly
  http//lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm

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The Freedmen

• W/ their new freedom, some former slaves moved to
  the towns.
• Some of them returned to the plantations, but
  others found work as laborers.
• One of the first actions of the new legislature
  was to pass laws to control former slaves.
• The free movement of the former slaves offended
  and frightened the whites.

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• As a result, the legislature passed Black Codes.
• These laws restricted the freedmens actions,
  movement, and conduct. Also it included sections
  about rudeness to whites.
• The other purpose of this legislation was to
  control the work force. The laws passed by the
  legislature required freedmen to sign 1 yr
  contracts to work.
• If they did not sign contracts, they would be
  forced to do work anyway and were arrested.

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Freedmens Bureau
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Freedmens Bureau

• In 1865, the federal govt established the
  Freedmens Bureau. The original purpose was to
  provide aid food, clothing, and basic medical
  care to former slaves and other needy
  southerners.
• The bureau also established schools.

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Freedmans Rights

• Congress passed the 14th Amendment to the
  Constitution.
• The 14th Amendment gave freedmen legal rights and
  citizenship.
• The southern states were expected to ratify this
  amendment states that refused to ratify this
  amendment would have their representation in
  Congress reduced.

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• Louisiana and almost all of the other southern
  states refused to ratify the amendment.
• Most white southerners did not believe that the
  former slaves were ready for citizenship.

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Rebuilding the Land
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Rebuilding the Land

• Throughout Reconstruction, Louisiana struggled to
  rebuild the towns, railroads, and levees
  destroyed during the Civil War.
• One of the greatest challenges to rebuilding was
  repairing the states farms.
• Agriculture had long been Louisianas main
  economic activity, but war had devastated the
  land.
• Recovering these farms demanded hard work and
  lots of , but landowners had no to hire
  laborers. Slavery was now a thing of the past.

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• 2 methods were developed to solve this problem.
• One was the crop lien system. w/ no cash to pay
  for seeds, tools, or labor, landowners were
  forced to borrow .
• They had to sign contracts promising to give the
  lenders a of their crops when they were
  harvested.
• Lenders received their share of the harvests
  first, and the landowners kept whatever was left.

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• Often, harvests were poor, and there was little
  left for the landowner after he paid off the
  lien.
• The other system developed to provide farm labor
  was sharecropping.
• Since landowners had no to pay wages, they
  promised part of the crop to their workers. The
  workers then farmed the land and gave a portion
  of the harvest to the landowner.

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Military Reconstruction

• Chapter 9 2

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Lesson 8 Postwar Government of LA Bellringer
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Military Reconstruction

• Congress established a Joint Committee on
  Reconstruction to examine the situation in the
  South.
• The report found that southerners treated
  freedmen w/ vindictive and malicious hatred. As
  a result, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act
  of 1867.
• This act placed the southern states under strict
  military control.

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• 5 military districts were set up, each commanded
  by a US Army general.
• This control would be removed only after the
  state ratified the 14th Amendment, wrote a new
  state constitution, and granted suffrage rights
  for all males.
• Louisiana was apart of District 5. General
  Philip Sheridan was the military commander.
• This period was known as Military Reconstruction
  or Radical Reconstruction.

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Radical Republicans
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Radical Republicans

• Former Confederates could no longer participate
  in the political process. They were forced to
  sit by as the Radical Republicans took control of
  state government.
• In 1868, Louisiana wrote the new constitution
  required by the 1867 Reconstruction Act.

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• This constitution
• Protected freedmens civil rights
• Gave suffrage rights to all males over 21
• 1st in Louisiana to have a bill of rights
• A Republican newcomer, Henry Clay Warmoth, was
  elected as the new governor.
• Warmoth was a Union officer during the Civil War
  and was 26 when he became governor.

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• Oscar J. Dunn was elected as the lieutenant
  governor. He was the 1st black to be elected to
  a statewide office.
• The Unionists Party formed in Louisiana during
  the Civil War. This party was formed by citizens
  who wanted to remain in the Union during the
  Civil War.
• People in this party lost control of it to
  northerners who moved south during
  Reconstruction. These northerners where called
  carpetbaggers.

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• Carpetbaggers were people who lived in the north
  and packed their belongings to head to the south
  during Reconstruction to make a fortune.
• To white southerners, they were interfering
  outsiders.
• Warmoth became known as Louisianas carpetbagger
  governor.
• Southerners gave southern white Unionists that
  joined the Republicans a different name,
  scalawags.

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• Scalawags were southerners who supported the
  Republicans during Reconstruction.

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IX. Louisiana State Lottery Company (Read more
about it on page 227)
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The Redeemers
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The Redeemers

• General Sheridan set up a system to register
  black voters. As a result, many blacks were
  registered to vote.
• This effect was greatly felt. Almost 50 of the
  Louisiana House and 25 of the Senate were
  African Americans.
• The former Confederates, members of the
  Democratic Party, were highly upset at these
  figures.

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• These Democrats were angry about the govt based
  on the votes of former slaves and resented not
  being allowed to vote.
• They vowed to regain the power they had prior to
  the Civil War. They also wanted to redeem the
  state from the Republicans, carpetbaggers, and
  scalawags.
• These Democrats became known as Redeemers.

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• After the state election in March 1868, violence
  increased.
• A masked group, the Knights of the White
  Camellia, used threats and physical violence to
  keep the freedmen from voting or forcing them to
  vote for Democrats.
• Many freedmen were told they would be fired if
  they voted for Republican candidates.
• Merchants told freedmen to vote right in order
  to buy goods at their stores.

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A. The Nightriders

• Ku Klux Klan opposed the Catholic Church and
  freedmens growing power
• They operated mostly in North LA where few
  Catholics lived
• Knights of the White Camellia was a secret
  society that used violence and terror in an
  effort to return control of LA to the native
  white population.
• Both groups were often called nightriders because
  they terrorized at night.

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B. Fighting Back

• Republicans formed the Union League
• Created the Metropolitan Police in New Orleans
• 1868 election, over 1,000 Republicans were
  murdered in LA
• Most were freedmen
• 10 of the black population in Caddo Parish were
  murdered during Reconstruction
• 25 in Bossier Parish

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C. State Returning Board

• Governor Warmoth opposed the nightriders and
  others because they threatened Republican rule.
• Legislature created the State Returning Board to
  prevent election fraud.
• It monitored precinct activity and threw out
  votes if corruption was suspected.
• Soon it became a corrupt look to keep Republicans
  in power by throwing out votes in strong
  Democratic precincts.

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Chapter 9-2 Part 2 The 1872 Election
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The 1872 Election

• The legislature impeached Governor Warmoth b/c of
  the controversy surrounding the presidential
  election of 1872 in Louisiana and on corruption.
• Lieutenant Governor Dunn had died suddenly in
  1871, and state senator, PBS Pinchback became
  lieutenant governor.
• Pinchback became acting governor when Warmoth
  became impeached. This made Pinchback the 1st
  African American to serve as governor in any
  state.

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B. The Colfax Riot

• Violence between blacks and whites escalated and
  came to a head at Colfax.
• Hundreds of freedmen seized control of the town
  and turned the courthouse into a fort.
• Hundreds of armed whites confronted them on
  Easter Sunday.
• About 100 freedmen were killed or executed.
• 3 white died
• President Grant settled the disputed election by
  ordering the Army to recognize Kellogg was the
  winner.

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The Colfax Riot
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Marshall H. Twitchell (Read more about it on
page 236)
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William Pitt Kellogg
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D. The White League

• A powerful statewide organization structured like
  a military to support the Democratic Party.
• Each parish had a company and officers.
• Members were mostly former Confederate soldiers.
• The goal was to drive out Republicans and keep
  freedmen in check.
• Organization had 14,000 organized members and
  successfully forced Republican parish officials
  out of office.

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White Leaguers Intimidating Freedmen
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E. The Coushatta Massacre

• Red River Parish created by the Republicans
• Whites dominated the region
• Used their positions to improve freedmens
  education and economic opportunities and to
  improve their own lives
• Members of the White League rode into the parish
  seat of Coushatta and capture six Republican
  officials.
• 5 of the 6 were killed

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F. The Battle of Liberty Place

• White League members gathered on Canal Street
  where speakers demanded the removal of the
  Republican governor.
• Republicans Metropolitan Police assemble about
  500 men and fired cannons on the White Leagues
  barricades.
• After a day of battle, the police surrendered to
  the White League.
• Democrats installed John McEnery as governor.
• Grant dispatched war ships to New Orleans
• US Army forced the White League to withdraw
• McEnery stepped aside as governor
• Strength of White League was growing and the US
  Army was the only thing keeping Republicans in
  power.
• This encourage White League to become even more
  active across the state.

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The Liberty Place Monument (Read more about
it on page 238)
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The John Slidell Memorial (Read more about it
on page 239)
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The 1876 Elections
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The 1876 Elections

• The 1876 election to elect the next governor was
  very controversial.
• The violence and attempts to control voters made
  the results questionable.
• The Republican candidate, Stephen Packard claimed
  he won, yet the Democratic candidate, France T.
  Nicholls, claimed he won as well.

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Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls (Read more
about it on page 240)
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• The Republicans sort help from Washington D.C. to
  decide a winner. However, they did not assist in
  the matter.
• They were busy trying to hold on to the
  presidency.
• Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, and Samuel J.
  Tilden, a Democrat, were running for president.
• The electoral votes in Florida, Louisiana, and
  South Carolina were too close for them to decide
  a winner.

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• The Republicans agreed to end military
  Reconstruction and remove federal troops if the
  states electoral votes went to the Republican
  candidate.
• The states agreed and President Hayes w/drew the
  last federal troops from the South and
  Reconstruction was over. This agreement was
  known as the Compromise of 1877.
• As a result of this compromise, the Redeemers
  were starting to regain control of Louisiana.

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