Animal Biotechnology

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Chapter 7

• Animal Biotechnology

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Animals in Research
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Animals in Research
B1
B2
B3
B4
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Animals in Research

• FDA Oversight of Drug Development Process
• Pre-Clinical Research and Development

Animation Drug Development Process
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Animals in Research

• FDA Oversight of Drug Development Process
• Pre-Clinical Animal Studies

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Animals in Research

• Animal Models
• Mice
• Rats
• Zebrafish (3 month generation time, 200 progeny,
  complete embryogenesis in 120 hrs)
• Dogs (lungs and cardiovascular system)
• Cats
• Pigs (PPL Therapeutics- delete a gene which
  causes hyperacute rejection of pig-to-human organ
  transplantation)
• Primates (HIV and AIDs research, geriatric
  research)

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Animals in Research

• Alternatives to Animal Models
• Cell culture devices
• Researchers use cell cultures and
  computer-generated models whenever possible, but
  this doesnt work for looking at an organ or
  entire animal

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Animals in Research

• Regulation of Animal Research
• The Three Rs
• Reduce the number of higher species (cats, dogs,
  primates) used
• Replace animals with alternative models whenever
  possible
• Refine tests and experiments to ensure the most
  humane conditions possible

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Animals in Research

• Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials
• Treatments for humans may also be useful for
  treatments with animals (e.g. the BRCA1 gene
  found in 65 of human breast tumors is similar to
  the BRCA1 gene in dogs)
• Hyperthermia radiation more effective at
  killing tumors
• Stimulation of cytokines for curing skin cancers

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Animals in Research

• Bioengineering Mosquitoes to Prevent Malaria
• Cloned in a gene that prevents the parasite from
  traversing the midgut blocking the continuation
  of its life cycle
• Developed an antibody that prevents the parasite
  from entering the mosquitos salivary gland

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Cloning

• A genetically identical copy of a cell or whole
  organism

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Cloning

• Embryogenesis the process by which the embryo
  forms and develops
• Zygote fertilized egg
• Blastocyst early stage embryo prior to
  implantation

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Cloning Methods

• Embryo Twinning

Embryo Twinning Animation
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Cloning Methods

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Cloning Methods
A look at Dolly the Sheep
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Cloning Methods

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

SCNT Animation
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Cloning Methods
Click and Clone a Mouse
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Limits to Cloning

• Decrease Genetic Diversity

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Limits to Cloning

• Epigenetic Effects

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Limits to Cloning

• Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness

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Limits to Cloning

• Abnormal Development

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Limits to Cloning

• Premature Aging

Telomerase Animation
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The Future of Cloning

• Increase in genetic gain

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The Future of Cloning

• Consistent Quality

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The Future of Cloning

• Endangered Species

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Transgenic Animals

• Transgenic Animal genome has been changed to
  carry genes from a different species

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Transgenic Techniques

• Embryonic Stem Cell Method

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Transgenic Techniques

• Pronuclear Injection

Animation of Pronuclear Injection
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Transgenic Techniques

• Making clones of a transgenic animal

Animation Using SCNT to make transgenic goat
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Transgenic Applications

• Increased Production Efficiency Transgenic
  Growth Hormones

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Transgenic Applications

• Improved Food Safety and Quality longer shelf
  life

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Transgenic Applications

• Improved Food Safety and Quality lactose
  intolerance

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Transgenic Applications

• Increase Nutritional Content
• Lactoferrin

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Transgenic Applications

• Increased Production Efficiency boost
  lactational performance

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Transgenic Applications

• Disease Resistant Animals less susceptible to
  mastitis

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Transgenic Applications

• Disease Resistant Animals less susceptible to mad
  cow disease

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Transgenic Applications

• Decreased Environmental Impact

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Transgenic Animals

• Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors
• Biosteel otherwise known as spider silk, cloned
  into goat milk (silkmilk goats)
• Goats reproduce faster than cows and are cheaper
  than cows
• Hens also make good bioreactors in that they are
  cheap and a lot of eggs are produced at one time

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Transgenic Animals

• Knock-outs A Special Case of Transgenesis
• A specific gene is disrupted or removed such that
  it is not expressed
• Procedure DNA is modified, it is added to
  embryonic stem cells, where it undergoes
  homologous recombination. The modified ES cells
  are then introduced into normal embryo. The
  embryo is implanted in an incubator mother. The
  offspring is a chimera. It may take several
  generations of crossbreeding are required to
  produce animals that are complete knock-outs.
• Breast cancer mouse

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Producing Human Antibodies in Animals

• Production of Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
• Used to treat cancer, heart disease, and
  transplant rejection
• HUMANIZED monoclonal antibodies were developed to
  prevent the human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA)
  response