Top 105 Physical Science Concepts

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Top 105 Physical Science Concepts

• By Ms. Ancell

JEANCELL_at_Rochester.k12.mn.us
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Questions

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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105
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1
Identify a Problem Make a Hypothesis Conduct an
Experiment Make Observations Draw Conclusions

• Scientists often use the scientific method to
  solve problems. List the steps of the scientific
  method.

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• A __________ is an educated guess about what
  will occur in an experiment.

Hypothesis
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• The_______ variable is the variable that is
  changed or manipulated by the experimenter.
  There should only be one of these variables.

Independent
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• This variable changes as a result of changes
  made to the independent variable.

Dependent
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• _____ variables are variables which must be held
  constant during an experiment to ensure that
  there is only one independent variable affecting
  the results of the experiment

Controlled
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• A ___ ___ provides a basis for comparison in an
  experiment.

control group
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• For a line graph the ______ variable is place on
  the x axis (horizontal) and the _____ variable is
  placed on the y axis (vertical).

independent, dependent
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• When we describe an environment based on our
  five senses, it is called an _________. When we
  bring our past experience into making a judgment
  based on an observation, it is an ____.

observation, inference
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• The ______ of an object refers to the amount
  of matter in an object.
• Its unit is the _______.
• It is measured with a __________.

mass, gram, balance
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• The ______ of an object refers to the amount of
  space an object occupies. The SI unit is ______.

volume, liters
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• The ____ of an object refers to the pull of
  gravity on an object. The SI unit is the_______.
  It is measured with a ______.

weight, Newton, scale
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• The _________ of an object refers to the
  average kinetic energy of the particles in the
  object. The SI unit is ____. It is measured with
  a _____.

temperature, Kelvin, thermometer
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13

• The kinetic theory of matter states that
  ___________________.

All matter is made up of tiny particles that are
constantly moving
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• ________ is a physical property that measures
  how tightly the particles are packed together in
  a substance.

Density
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• Density can be calculated by dividing the ____
  of an object by its ______.

mass, volume
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1. Electrically charged particles act much like a
   gas.
2. Particles packed closely together and vibrate
   back and forth.
3. Particles are far apart and are moving very
   quickly.
4. Particles are not as close together and free to
   move around.

1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A
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• The process of changing a solid to a liquid is
  called____. The energy required to do this is
  called the _______________. This same amount of
  heat must be removed to change a liquid to a
  solid. This process is called _______.

melting, heat of fusion, freezing
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• The process of changing a liquid to a gas is
  called____. The energy required to do this is
  called the _______________. This same amount of
  heat must be removed to change a gas to a liquid.
  This process is called _______.

evaporation, heat of vaporization, condensation
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• The direct change of a solid to a gas is _____.

Sublimation
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• When energy is added to a material, but not
  enough to cause a phase change, the particles
  still move faster and move slightly farther
  apart. This is called ____ _____. This also
  causes a decrease in _____ because the particles
  are not packed together as tightly.

thermal expansion, density
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• The temperature at which all particle motion
  would stop is called _____ ____.

absolute zero
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• The ______ ____ of a substance measures how
  much energy must be added to cause the
  substances temperature to increase.

specific heat
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• Matter is made up of tiny particles called
  atoms. The sub-atomic particles of atoms are
  ____, _____ and _____.

Protons, neutrons and electrons
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• Protons are _____ charged particles found in
  the ____ of an atom, with a mass of approximately
  ______.

Positively, nucleus, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
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• Neutrons are ____ charged particles found in
  the ____ of an atom, with a mass of approximately
  ________.

neutrally, nucleus, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
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• Electrons are _____ charged particles found in
  the ____ of an atom. It has a mass of
  approximately___.

Negatively, electron cloud, 0
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_____ are substances made up of only 1 type of
atom. _____ are substances made up of 2 or more
types of atoms that have chemically combined.
Elements, Compounds
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• Each element is assigned a 1-3 letter symbol.
  The first letter of each symbol is always ______.
  The symbols are used to write formulas for
  compounds, with ____ indicating the number of
  atoms of each type of element found in the
  compound.

Capitalized, subscripts
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• The number of ____ found in an atom is called
  the atomic number. Each element has a ___ atomic
  number.

Protons, unique
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• The mass number of an atom refers to the total
  number of ____ and ___ in an atom. Atoms of the
  same element with different mass numbers are
  called ___.

Protons, neutrons, isotopes
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• A(n) _____ is an atom with a positive or
  negative charge.

ion
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• The elements are arranged on the periodic table
  in order of ascending _________.

Atomic number
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• Each row on the periodic table is called a ____.

Period
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• Each column on the periodic table is called a
  ___ these elements usually have ___ properties.

group, similar
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• Metals are found on the ___ side of the
  periodic table
• non metals on the ____ side and metalloids are
  found along the ____.

Left, right, stair step
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• Atoms combine with other atoms to become
  chemically ____, following the ___ rule which
  states that the outer electron level needs to
  have eight electrons to fill the outer shell.

Stable, octet
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• The _____ are group 18 on the periodic table.
  These atoms are already stable, and thus
  will/will not combine with other atoms to create
  compounds.

noble gases, will not
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• When an atom gains or loses electrons to become
  chemically stable, it becomes an ion and will
  likely form an ___ bond with one or more atoms of
  the opposite charge.

ionic
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• When an atom shares electrons to become
  chemically stable, it forms a ___ bond with the
  other atoms.

covalent
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• A ____ compound is a compound made up of just
  2 elements. A ____ compound contains more than 2
  elements.

Binary, polyatomic
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• Write the name for (?binary compound?) and the
  formula for (?binary compound?).

Period table
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• An ______ is a number that determines how an
  element will combine with other elements in a
  compound. It is often the charge of the element
  when it is chemically stable.

Oxidation number
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• Write the name for (?polyatomic compound?) and
  the formula for (?polyatomic compound?).

Period table
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• A ______ ____ occurs when atoms recombine to form
  new compounds, molecules or atoms. The mass of
  the products of the reaction must equal the mass
  of the reactants to satisfy the law of _______ __
  _______.

Chemical reaction, conservation of mass
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• A _______ ______ is a shorthand way to write a
  chemical reaction. _______ are used to balance
  the chemical equation so that the numbers of
  atoms of each element are the same on both sides
  of the equation to show that the law of
  conservation of mass is being satisfied.

Chemical equation, Coefficients
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• In a synthesis reaction, an element and compound
  react to create ___ product(s). In a __________
  reaction, one reactant breaks down to form two or
  more products.

one, decomposition
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• In a ____ _______ reaction, an element and
  compound react, creating a new compound and a new
  single element. In a ________ _________ reaction,
  two compounds react, creating two new compounds

Single replacement, double replacement
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• __ is a measure of the acidity of a solution
  using the numbers from_ to _ with _ representing
  a neutral solution such as pure water.

pH, 0, 14, 7
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• A _____ is a chemical that changes colors
  depending on the pH of a solution, allowing you
  to determine if the solution is an acid or base.

indicator
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• An acid is a compound that produces _______ ions
  when placed in a solution. It has a pH __
  (range). Acids are corrosive, electrolytes,
  usually taste _____.

Hydrogen, less than 7, sour
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• A base is a compound that produces _____ ions
  when placed in a solution. It has a pH
  _______(range). Bases are corrosive electrolytes,
  and usually tastes _____ and feel ______.

Hydroxide, greater than 7,bitter, slippery
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• A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction
  between an acid and a base, creating a ____ and
  ____.

salt, water
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• Electricity involves the movement of ______.

electrons
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• Electrons move from areas of ______electrons to
  areas with __ electrons.

lots, few
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• T/F Lighting is the movement of many electrons
  from an area with lots of electrons to an area
  with few electrons

true
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• T/F When you rub two objects together, one
  object will lose some electrons and the other
  will gain some electrons.

true
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• ______ is when you make an object become
  charged just by bringing another charged object
  near (not touching) the object.

induction
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• Electrons can move through some materials
  called _____ much easier than through other
  materials called______.

conductors, insulators
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• Opposite charges ____ to one another like
  charges _____ one another.

attract, repel
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• The ______ _____ is an area around a charged
  object that acts like it has the same charge
  itself.

electric field
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• To keep electrons flowing through a circuit, a
  ______ _____ must be provided (by a battery or
  outlet) to get the electrons to move away from
  their nucleus.

potential difference
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• A _____ is a closed path through which
  electrons can flow.

circuit
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• The number of electrons flowing past one point in
  the circuit in one second is called ___ it is
  measured in a unit called ____.

current, amperes
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• The amount of energy available to push electrons
  along a wire is called ___ it is measured in a
  unit called ____.

voltage, volts
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• The opposition to flow of electrons in a circuit
  is called ____ it is measured in a unit called
  ____.

resistance, ohms
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• If the voltage of a circuit is increased, the
  current will ____ if the resistance of a circuit
  is increased, the current will ___.

increase, decrease
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• The rate at which electricity does work or
  provides energy is called ___ it is measured in
  a unit called ____.

power, watts
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• In _____ provided by an outlet, the electrons
  moving in a circuit alternate direction 120 times
  every second. In ___ provided by a battery, the
  electrons move in one direction only.

alternating current (AC), direct current (DC)
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• A magnet has a north pole and a south pole. Like
  poles ___ each other, and opposite poles ___ each
  other.

repel, attract
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• The _____ is the area around the magnet where the
  forces of attraction and repulsion can be felt.

magnetic field
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• Magnetic ___ are groups of atoms with aligned
  magnetic poles. For an object to be magnetic,
  they must be ___.

Domains, aligned
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• Electricity can be used to align magnetic
  domains magnets created this way are called ___.

electromagnets
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• A ______ converts electrical energy to
  mechanical energy by using the forces of
  attraction and repulsion between electromagnets
  and permanent magnets.

Electric motor
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• _______ is a process used to make energy by
  moving a wire through a magnetic field.
  Generators at power plants use this process to
  produce alternating current (AC) electricity.

Electromagnetic induction
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• ______ are used to step up or step down voltage
  of alternating current using electromagnetism and
  electromagnetic induction.

Transformers
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• Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry ____
  through space or matter. The material through
  which it travels is called ____.

Energy, medium
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• _____ measures the distance from the beginning of
  one wave to the beginning of the next wave.

Wavelength
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• _____ measures the number of waves that pass a
  place in one second it is measured in hertz.

Frequency
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• _____ measures the speed of the wave.

Wave velocity
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• When the wavelength of a wave decreases, the
  frequency ____.

Increases
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• In ____ waves, such as light waves, the medium
  moves at a right angle to the direction the wave
  is moving. The ____ measures the displacement of
  the medium compared to the equilibrium position.
  The high points these waves are called ____, and
  the low points are called ___.

Transverse, amplitude, crests, troughs
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• List the waves of the electro magnetic
  spectrum in order from shortest to longest waves.

Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light,
infrared, and radio waves
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• In ____ waves, such as sound waves, the medium
  vibrates in the same direction as the direction
  the wave is moving.

compressional
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• The pitch of a sound wave depends on the wave
  ____ higher pitches are created by _____.

Frequency, higher frequencies
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• The ___ is the perceived change in wave frequency
  when a sound source passes by a listener the
  wave pitch is ___ before the sound source passes
  by, because the object is catching up to its own
  sound waves.

Doppler effect, lower
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• The primary colors of light are __, __ and __
  when added together, they make ___ light. The
  primary colors of pigment are __, __ and __ when
  added together, they make __ pigment.

Red, blue, green, white, magenta, cyan, yellow,
black
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• When waves reflect off surface, they follow the
  law of reflection the angle of ______ equals the
  angle of______.

incidence, reflection
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• When waves enter a new medium, they bend due to
  the change in velocity this is called _____.

refraction
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• _______ is when waves bend as they go around tiny
  barriers in a material.

Diffraction
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• The rate of change of position of an object is
  called _____ the ______ tells you not only the
  rate of change of position, but also the
  direction of movement.

speed, velocity
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• The rate of change of the speed of an object is
  called________.

acceleration
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• A force is a ____ or ____ on object. The size of
  the force is measured in a unit called ______.

push, pull, Newtons
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• ______ forces act equally on a object from all
  sides, resulting in no change in motion.

Balanced
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• ___ forces do not act equally on an object from
  all sides, resulting in acceleration for the
  object.

Net
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• Newtons 1st law of motion states that
  ______________________. It is sometimes called
  the law of _____, which is the tendency of an
  object to resist any changes in its motion.

objects will maintain a constant velocity unless
acted on by as net force inertia
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• Newtons 2nd law of motion states that
  ___________________________________________.

the amount of acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the size of the net
force and inversely proportional to the mass of
the object.
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97

• Newtons 3rd law of motion states that
  ______________________________________.

forces always occur in pairs in other words, for
every action there is a equal and opposite
reaction.
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98

• ______ is a force that opposes motion between
  two surfaces that are touching.

Friction
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• _______ is a force that pulls two objects
  together. ______ is a measure of the amount of
  this force acting on an object.

Gravity, Weight
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100

• ________ is a force that slows down moving
  objects due to the friction between the object
  and the air.

Air resistance
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• _____ is the ability to cause change. It is
  measured in a unit called ______.

Energy, Joules
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102

• _____ _____ is stored energy. ______ _____ is the
  energy due to the motion of an object. AS an
  object falls towards the earth, _______ energy is
  converted to ______ energy.

Potential energy, Kinetic energy, potential,
kinetic
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103

• The law of ________ __ ____ states that energy
  cannot be created of destroyed however, it can
  be changed from one form to another.

Conservation of energy
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• _____ is using energy to apply a force over a
  distance. Like energy, it is measured in _____.

Work, Joules
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105

• ______ is the rate at which work is done. It is
  measured in ____.

Power, Watts