Prayer to Our Guardian Angel

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Prayer to Our Guardian Angel

• Angel of God, My Guardian Dear to whom God's
  love commits me here.
• Ever this day be at my side to light and guard
  and rule and guide.
• Amen.

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Announcements

• Class t-shirts
• Exam IV Tuesday Oct 5th
• Review Worksheet tomorrow (on the web if you
  want it tonight)
• HW Read Parts II and III

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Chapter 4

• Church Fathers and Heresies

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Athanasian Creed

• Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is
  necessary that he hold the Catholic Faith. Which
  Faith except every one do keep whole and
  undefiled without doubt he shall perish
  everlastingly. And the Catholic Faith is this
  That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity
  in Unity Neither confounding the Persons nor
  dividing the Essence. For there is one Person of
  the Father another of the Son and another of
  the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, of
  the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, is all one the
  Glory equal, the Majesty coeternal. Such as the
  Father is such is the Son and such is the Holy
  Ghost. The Father uncreated the Son uncreated
  and the Holy Ghost uncreated

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Athanasian Creed

• Profession of Faith
• Author unknown
• Three Divine Persons of the Blessed Trinity
• Incarnation of God the Son
• Emphasizes the equality within the Trinity
• Response to heretics/attacks

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Part I

• Early Heresies

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Heresy

• A species of unbelief, belonging to those who
  profess the Christian faith, but corrupt its
  dogmas.
• (St. Thomas Aquinas)

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Heresies

• Deny or alter some part or parts of the Deposit
  of Faith

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Material Heresy

• Results from a mistake
• Misjudgment, ignorance of the truth, etc.
• Needs immediate correction

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Formal Heresy

• Willingly choosing to keep doctrines that are
  contradictorily to those of the Church
• Keeping doctrines that have been condemned as
  being false

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Material Heresy Examples

• Jesus was a sinner
• Mary was not a Virgin
• God created Christ

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Formal Heresy Examples

• Rejection of the Eucharist
• Teaching that Jesus didnt overcome death by way
  of the Resurrection
• Rejecting the Churchs teaching on Sunday
  Obligation

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Gnosticism

• Secret knowledge
• Demiurge (creator god)
• Rejected MOST of the NT
• The Kingdom of God is within you. (Gospel of
  Thomas)

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Gnosticism View of Jesus

• Jesus was merely a messenger
• Jesus entrusted one disciple with secret
  teachings
• Denied or limited the real humanity of Christ
• Jesus not born appeared

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Gnosticisms Ethics

• Rejected ethical teachings of the Church
• Body nature of evil
• 1. self mutilation of the body
• 2. No possible way good soul can be damaged by
  actions of the body

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Gnosticism the Appeal??

• Promised salvation escape of the soul from the
  material world

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Ridiculed by Church Fathers

• My God made heaven and earth, and you cannot
  point to a measly vegetable yours has produced
  over all these centuries!
• Tertullian

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Gnosticism The Final Overview

• What Gnosticism
• Who ? (unknown)
• Where Judea/ Roman Empire
• When Birth of Christianity Present day
• Central Belief Salvation may be achieved through
  knowledge
• View of Christ Christ was NOT human

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Marcionism (144-400s)

• Founded by Marcion
• Demiurge (god of the OT/Jealous god)
• Jesus sent to destroy the OT god/Demiurge

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Marcion Founder of Marcionism

• Father was a Bishop
• Was a wealthy shipbuilder
• Survived Empires put down of Jewish uprising
• Excommunicated as a heretic

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Marcionism

• Jesus did not have a true human body/was not from
  God
• Rejected the OT
• Christian life must be freed from material
  reality

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Marcionism Differed from Gnosticism

• Did not claim possession of secret knowledge
• No unique scripture
• No divine beings (pleroma)

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Churchs Rejection of Marcionism

• Rejected Monotheism
• Rejected creation was good
• Rejected the true humanity of Jesus (death on
  Cross was payment to the creator god)

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Marcionism the Final Overview

• What Marcionism
• Who Marcion
• When 144-400s AD
• Where Rome
• Central Belief God of Jesus Christ sent to
  destroy the Demiurge
• View of Christ Jesus was NOT truly human

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Manichaeism (250s 1000s)

• Elaborate brand of Gnosticism
• Founded by Mani
• Goal was to share a secret knowledge that led to
  liberation

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Mani

• Persian
• Condemned to death
• Viewed self as a spiritual leader (Buddha, Jesus)
• Provided path to true freedom

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Manichaeists Believed

• Satan had stolen light particles from the brains
  of men/women
• Goal was to liberate humanity from Satan
• In living an ascetic life
• Jesus was/is NOT Divine

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Manichaeism The Final Overview

• What Manichaeism
• Who Mani
• When 250s-1000s
• Where Persia/India (Roman Empire)
• Central Belief Man can be liberated from Satan
  through a secret knowledge
• View of Christ Jesus was NOT Divine (only a
  human spiritual leader)

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Montanism (156-200)

• Were they an early womens rights group?
• A form of monasticism?
• A strange group waiting for the end of the world?
  
• a little bit of all of these.

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Montanus

• Founder of Montanism
• Began movement by preaching
• Originally a pagan priest
• Excommunicated by the Church (Turkey)
• Had two female prophets with him
• Believed that the end was at hand

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Montanism

• Age of the Father
• Age of the Son
• Age of the Holy Spirit (final age)

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Montanism

• New Heavenly movement would begin in Pepuza
• Canon of Scripture should NOT be closed
• Charismatic
• Believed Church was too soft on sinners

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Montanism The Final Overview

• What Montanism
• Who Montanus
• Where Turkey/Rome/ Pepuza
• When 156-200s
• Central Belief A New heavenly kingdom would be
  revealed by the power of the Holy Spirit in
  Pepuza (the end was near)
• View of Jesus Christ Jesus was Divine and human

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Docetism (30s-100s)

• Branch of Gnosticism
• to appear
• Jesus humanity was merely an appearance

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Docetism

• Jesus was did not suffer the pain of the
  Crucifixion and death
• Preached that someone else switched places with
  Christ before the Crucifixion
• Christ escaped from it.

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Docetism The final overview

• What Docetism
• Who ? (unknown)
• When 305 -1000s
• Where Roman Empire
• Central Belief Christ did NOT suffer the
  Crucifixion Gnostic
• View of Jesus Christ Christ was not fully human

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Part II

• The Ecumenical Councils

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Ecumenical Councils

• There has been 21 ecumenical councils
• All the Bishops of the world (under the Pope)
  meet to discuss issues facing the Church.

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Types of Councils

• Synod
• Diocesan
• Provincial
• Plenary

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Synod

• Meeting between the Bishops and the Pope (their
  leader)

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Diocesan Council

• Meeting of the Bishops, laymen/laywomen, and
  representatives of the Clergy meet and discuss
  matters of the diocese.

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Provincial Council

• Meeting of the Archbishop with his suffragan
  bishops

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Plenary Council

• Meeting of all Bishops within a single nation

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Part III

• Church Fathers

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Characteristics of the Church Fathers

• Orthodoxy in doctrine
• Holiness
• Notoriety
• Antiquity
• Two Groups Latin/ Greek

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Patristics

• The writings of the Church Fathers

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Doctor of the Church

• Title only given by the Pope to those whose
  development of theology is extraordinary

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St. Ambrose of Milan

• Governor of Milan
• Anointed Bishop (was only a Catechumen)
• Defended the independence of the Church from the
  State
• Did not get along with Emperor(s) because of high
  moral standards

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St. Jerome

• Translated the Hebrew Bible into Latin (Vulgate)

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Latin Vulgate

• Most accurate translation of the Bible
• Translation of Scripture into Latin
• Uniformed Scripture for the West

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St. John Chrysostomthe Golden Mouthed

• Patriarch of Constantinople
• Combined the Biblical Meaning with practical
  application/ captured the deep spiritual meaning
• On the Priesthood the morality of the priests.

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St. John Chrysostomthe Golden Mouthed

• Called for a moral reform among the Emperors and
  Bishops.
• He was twice banished by the Empress, but quickly
  returned from exile.
• In 407, he was forced into a Death March.

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Part IV

• Heresies of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries

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The Golden Age

• Lack of persecution
• Christians experienced a renewed freedom

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Alexandrian School

• Gave special status to the Divinity of Christ

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Antiochene

• Jesus followers were first called Christian.
• Focused more on literal and historical meanings
  of Scriptures.

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Arianism

• Result of the manner that Christians had come to
  think about the Nature of Christ

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Arianism

• Direct result of the Christians turning to
  Philosophy to explain their Faith

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Pagan Philosophers

• One Supreme Being
• Supreme Being created pagan Gods
• Could not conceive of how One God One God

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Christians

• Taught pagans that the god the pagans worshipped
  is the same God that they worshiped

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Arianism

• Jesus is neither God nor equal to the Father

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Arianism

• Reduced the status of Jesus to being a creature
  of the Father
• Jesus, however, was above every other creature
  in dignity and perfection.

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Arianism

• Denied the Churchs teaching that the logos was
  coeternal with God.

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Arians Instead Believed

• That there was when He was not
• God created The Word

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Arianism The Final Overview

• What Arianism
• Who Arius
• When Fourth Century
• Where Roman Empire/ Constantinople
• Central Belief Jesus was not Divine, but
  anointed by God to the position of Supreme
  Human Being
• View of Christ Jesus was not Divine was a
  Supreme Human Being

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Constantine the Great 272 A.D. 337 A.D.

• Conversion (Cross/battle)
• Edict of Milan 313 A.D.
• Empowered Christianity
• Sincere?
• First Christian Roman Emperor
• Saint in Orthodox Church

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St. helena d. 330 A.D.

• Mother of Constantine
• Archaeologist
• True Cross
• Manager
• Stairs (Scala Santa)
• Favored wide spread of Christianity
• Influenced son

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The Council of Nicaea (325 AD)

• Convened by Constantine the Great
• Primarily Addressed
• Arianism
• Readmission of the lapsed
• Election of Bishops
• Role of the office of the Bishops

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The Council of Nicaea (325 AD)

• Failed to combat Arianism through Scripture alone
  
• Developed a Creed to combat Arianism

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Constantine/St. Athanasius

• homoousios of the same substance the Son was
  just as Divine as the Father.

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The Council of Nicaea (325 AD)

• The development of the Creed did NOT end the
  controversy!

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What Developed

• Homoousians identical (Orthodox)
• Homoiousians similar(Arian)

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After the Death of Constantine

• The entire world woke from a deep slumber and
  discovered that it had become Arian.
• St. Jerome

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The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed

• Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople
  (381).

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Differences Between the NC and N Creed

• 2nd section the Son.
• 3rd section the Holy Spirit
• last section Church, Baptism, forgiveness of
  sins, and the Resurrection.
• from the substance of the Father is absent in
  the later Creed.

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Apollinarianism (360-381)

• Apollinaris refused to accept the Churchs
  Authority

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Apollinarianism (360-381)

• Christ had a human body
• Denied that Christ had a human mind and will
• Christ did not live a COMPLETE human life as a
  man
• Word of God replaced rational soul

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ApollinarianismThe final Overview

• What Apollinarianism
• Who Apollinaris
• When 360-381
• Where Syria (Eastern Roman Empire)
• Central Belief Denied existence of human mind
  and will in Christ
• View of Christ Christ did not live a complete
  human life

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Nestorianism (351-451)

• Christ was the unity of a Divine person and a
  full human person.
• Mary Christotokos the bearer of Christ

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Nestorianism the final Overview

• What Nestorianism
• Who Nestorius
• When 351 451
• Where Antiochene
• Central Belief Christ human and divine, but not
  fully human/divine
• View of Christ Ditto.

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Monophysitism (400s-600s)

• Reaction to Nestorianism
• Christ ONE nature (Divine)

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Monophysitism The Final Overview

• What Monophysitism
• When 400s 600s
• Where Alexandrian School
• Who ? Unknown
• Central Belief Christ did not have two natures
  only Divine nature existed
• View of Christ Human nature absorbed by the
  Divine nature

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Monothelitism

• Response to Monophysitism
• Emperor Heraclius/Patriarch Sergius
• Pope Honorius one will

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Monothelitism The Final Overview

• What Monothelitism
• Who Emperor Heraclius
• When 600s
• Where Constantinople/ Eastern Roman Empire
• Central Belief Christ had only One will. But two
  natures
• View of Christ Ditto.

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 Donastism (311-411)Sacramental Heresy

• Sacraments are invalid
• 1. Priest/Bishop formally rejected the Faith
• 2. Priest/Bishop in state of sin

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Donastism

• Christ is the only true administrator of the
  Sacraments
• (Augustine)

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Donastism The Final Overview

• What Donastism
• Who ? (those who rejected the ordination of
  Bishop Caecillan )
• Where Carthage (Roman Empire)
• When (311-411)
• Central Belief Sacraments are invalid if done by
  a lapsed priest or Bishop
• View of Christ Jesus was human and Divine
  (Orthodox)

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Pelagianism (late 300s-431)Dogmatic Heresy

• Man can be redeemed and sanctified without grace
• No Original Sin
• Sacraments are unnecessary

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Pelagianism The final Overview

• What Pelagianism
• Who Pelagius
• Where Roman Empire
• When 300s - 431
• Central Belief Sacraments are unnecessary
  Graces can be achieved by own human efforts
• View of Christ Orthodox