Ancient Greece

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Ancient Greece

• Chapter 5

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Geography

• Land islands, many miles of coastline, inlets,
  bays, deep harbors
• Seas Aegean, Mediterranean, Ionian
• Poor resources on land (couldnt farm)
• Led to increased sea travel, trade, imports

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Geography

• Land - very mountainous (Mt. Olympus)
• Difficult to unite under one government, divided
  the people, became fiercely independent
• Climate moderate (Mediterranean) temperature,
  led to outdoor activities shopping, civic
  meetings, athletics, interaction

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First Greeks

• Minoans from Crete
• Wealthy traders, large homes, fancy clothes,
  jewelry
• Ended by earthquake, volcano, tidal wave?

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Mycenaeans

• Mycenae built on steep hills
• Fortified with stone walls, bronze age
• Trojan War (1200 BCE)
• Greek kings attacked Troy in Asia Minor
• Greeks wife stolen by Trojan man
• Archaeological evidence that this was true

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Dorians

• 1200 BCE 800 BCE
• Mycenaean civilization collapsed
• From North of Greece came with iron weapons
• Little skill, less advanced
• Trade and progress at a stand still
• Skill of writing lost
• Dark Ages

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Homer

• Blind poet
• Depended on spoken word (bards storytellers)
• Wrote long epics ideals of heroism, excellence
  , courage, honor
• Interested in individuals heroes compete for
  glory
• The Iliad and The Odyssey (750 BCE) about the
  Trojan War

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Early Greek Leaders

• Draco 621 BC - codified Athenian laws provided
  severe punishments (draconian harsh or
  severe)
• Solon 594 BC canceled land mortgages, freed
  people enslaved for debt, allowed male citizens
  to serve on juries, granted commoners right to
  vote in Assembly

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Leaders cont.

• Cleisthenes 508 BC expanded democracy by
  extending citizenship began practice of
  ostracism banishing any citizen deemed
  dangerous to the state
• Pericles 461 BC popular leader opened
  government to all men, paid salaries to public
  officials The Age of Pericles or The Golden Age
  height of democracy art, science, trade,
  manufacturing thrived

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Types of governments in Greece

• Monarchy one-man rule (king)
• Aristocracy rule by a small group of nobles
• Oligarchy rule by few
• Tyranny rule by one man who seized power,
  favored by some people (unlike todays
  definition)
• Democracy rule by the people

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• Athens
• Polis - city-state (basic political unit)
• Acropolis hill, central meeting place
• Agora below hill, open place for meetings
• Citizens - those who took part in govt.
• Hoplites heavily armed infantry soldiers
• Phalanx marching formation shoulder to shoulder

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Ruins of Ancient Sparta
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http//www.history.com/videos/deconstructing-histo
ry-the-acropolis
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Athens cont.

• Democratic society
• The Assembly was the major political body
• All male citizens belonged all were equal had
  freedom of speech
• Jury system for court cases
• Had to educate sons - participate in govt.
• 2 years military service at age 18

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• SPARTA
• Military society aristocracy
• Harsh life
• Invaded other cities to fulfill needs greatest
  warriors in Greece
• If a child was born sickly or deformed, they were
  left in hills to die

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Sparta

• At age 7, boys were sent to military at 60 they
  could retire girls got rigorous physical
  training also
• Women were strong and fit to become mothers
• Suspicious of new ideas - NO CHANGE
• Sparta lagged far behind other cities in economic
  development

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http//www.history.com/videos/spartans
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Acropolis
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Temple Athena Nike
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Temple of Olympian Zeus
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Sanctuary of Athena at Delphi
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Amphitheater of Epidaurus
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Persian Wars

• 499 BC Persians control largest empire
• Persians want revenge for Greek support of Ionian
  revolt (Greeks burned capital)
• Darius attacks Greece at (1) MARATHON
• Greeks outnumbered but win battle
• Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens (26
  miles) to announce victory died modern day
  marathon
• Minor defeat for Persia but showed they could be
  beaten

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Greek hoplite (soldier)-6th c. BC
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Persian Wars

• 480 BC-Xerxes, son of Darius, invades
• Sparta leads the Greeks (united)
• To delay Persia, the Spartans slow them at (2)
  THERMOPYLAE (a mountain pass)

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Persian War cont.

• Greeks lose (betrayed) Athens burned all
  Spartans die
• Greeks lure Persian navy into the shallow waters
  of (3) SALAMIS - Greeks victorious
• (4) PLATAEA war finally ends

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Leonidas the Spartans hold the Persians at
Thermopylae pass
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Battle of Salamis, 480 BC
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Thermopylae
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Leonidas
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Persian War Turning Point

• End of Persian expansion west
• Persians dont conquer Europe
• Ushers in the Golden Age of Athens Classical age
  begins art, literature, commerce flourish
• Greek city-states maintain their independence
  Athens dominates

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Golden Age of Athens

• Pericles led Athens in this period (461 BC)
• Delian League defensive alliance Athens led
• Peloponnesian League led by Sparta
• Athens stood for all that was the best in Greek
  civilization
• Deeply committed to democracy Assembly

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The Agora
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Classical Greece

• Writers
• Philosophers
• Pottery
• Olympics
• Religion
• Philosophers
• Historians
• Sculpture
• Architecture

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Philosophy Love of Wisdom

• Socrates used questioning method (Socratic
  method)
• Examine ones life
• Convicted of corrupting youth killed (drank
  hemlock)
• Plato Student of Socrates (427-347 BC) started
  The Academy
• The Republic first book on political science
  (did not favor democracy )

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Philosophy cont.

• Aristotle (384-322 BC) wrote on philosophy,
  science, govt.
• Tutored Alexander the Great.

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History

• Herodotus father of history described the
  Persian invasion embellished with fable and
  superstition not very accurate
• Thucydides accurate account of Peloponnesian
  War eyewitness accounts facts

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Theatre

• Dramas, outdoor amphitheatres
• Tragedies
• Aeschylus Agamemnon Persian Wars gods
  provided justice
• Euripedes Medea, criticized war, prejudice,
  greed
• Comedies
• Aristophanes satirized political leaders

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Architecture

• Parthenon most famous temple to Athena
  (Wisdom) atop the Acropolis in Athens
• Use of columns Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
  (elaborate, curly)

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Science and Math

• Pythagoras important principals of geometry
• Hippocrates father of medicine, attributed
  disease to natural, not superstitious causes
• Hippocratic Oath uphold medical standards do
  no harm

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Amphora Vase
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The Olympics

• 776 BC held every 4 years
• Athletes traveled to Mt. Olympus to honor Zeus
• Glory in athletic competition
• Pentathlon most important event (5) long jump,
  javelin, discus, foot race, wrestling
• Men only (naked)
• Prize honor and fame for your city state

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Religion The Greek Gods

• Lived on Mt. Olympus (12)
• Were immortal
• They were human-like fought, had human
  weaknesses
• Oracles to worship the gods

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Democracy

• GREECE
• Direct Democracy citizens were members of
  legislature
• Citizenship based on Athenian ancestry
• Women denied political rights
• Slavery permitted

• U.S.
• Representative Democracy citizens elect
  representatives
• Citizenship based on American birth or
  naturalization
• Women equal rights
• Slavery prohibited

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Peloponnesian War (431 BC-404 BC)

• Series of battles between Athens and Sparta
• Sparta eventually wins (military superiority)
• Greece weakened over next century by fighting
• Growing power to the North, Macedonia goes
  unnoticed
• End of classical Greece

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Alexander the Great

• Philip II of Macedonia, Alexanders father, had
• conquered most of Greece by the time of his death
• 336 BC-Alexander from Macedonia (north of Greece)
  becomes King (age 20)
• 334 BC - Alexander invades Persian empire wins
  major victory in Asia Minor

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Alexander the Great

• Conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt founded
  Alexandria
• 331 BCE defeated Persians again and ended
  Persian rule
• 327 BCE Wants to reach Indus River after 3
  years his men have had enough!
• 323 BCE Dies at age 32

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Alexander the Great Hellenistic Age

• Global view believed non Greeks were equal
  encouraged men to marry Persians
• Hellenistic mix of Greek and Middle Eastern
  culture (Indian too)
• Alexandria, Egypt key city home to poets,
  scholars, writers, scientists, philosophers
  great library
• Built temples, baths, theatres, statues, etc.

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Contributions - Hellenistic

• Aristarchus Proposed that earth revolved around
  sun (not widely supported)
• Ptolemy Earth at center of universe
• Eratosthenes believed earth was round, computed
  circumference
• Euclid - basis of geometry
• Archimedes pi, lever and pulley

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Hellenistic contributions cont.

• Epicurianism (philosophy) humans were free to
  follow self-interest, pursuit of pleasure and
  happiness, virtuous conduct, absence of pain
• Stoicism founded by Zeno live in harmony with
  god daily problems would not disturb you, bear
  whatever life offers (stoic)
• Sculpture Colossus of Rhodes 100 ft. bronze

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