A Global Conflict Chapter 29, Section 3

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A Global ConflictChapter 29, Section 3

• World War I Comes to an End
• For now!

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Introduction

• World War I was much more than a European
  conflict Australia and Japan, for example,
  entered the war on the Allies side, while India
  supplied troops to fight alongside their British
  rulers. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turks and later
  Bulgaria allied themselves with Germany and the
  Central Powers. As the war promised to be a grim,
  drawn-out affair, all the Great Powers looked for
  other allies around the globe to tip the balance.
  They also sought new war fronts on which to
  achieve victory.

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The Gallipoli Campaign

• Break through Ottoman controlled Dardanelles
• Supply Russia
• Turned into Western Battle
• Failure

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War Affects the World

• Battles in Africa and Asia
• Allies take control of German holdings in Asia
  and Africa.
• Britain and France use their colonial subjects to
  help in war effort

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Reasons for American Entrance Into WWI

• German USW
• Allied Propaganda
• Hostility Toward Germany
• American economic Interests
• American Idealism

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American Neutrality

1. In 1914 the United States issues a Proclamation
   of Neutrality.
2. Woodrow Wilson won the Presidency in 1916 under
   the slogan He Kept Us Out Of War.

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A Prosperous War for the United States

1. Americas economy was greatly aided by trading
   supplies to European countries when the Great War
   broke out.
2. America traded mostly with Britain and France.
3. In June of 1915 Austria-Hungary suggested that
   American neutrality was threatened by its
   munitions trade with the Allies.
4. As the war went on, it was in the best interest
   for the U.S. that the Allies won the war.

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Allied Propaganda Influenced the American Public

1. When the Great War broke out the American public
   was split in its support.
2. The majority of Americas population was
   Anglo-Saxon but there were also large German,
   Italian, and Eastern European groups in the U.S.
3. Allied Propaganda helped to shift Americas
   support toward the Allies.

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Propaganda Was Carefully Used By Both Sides

• The British printed headlines that were designed
  to stir up emotions regardless of whether they
  were accurate or not. The most infamous headlines
  included
• Belgium childs hands cut off by Germans
• Germans crucify Canadian officer
• Untrue headlines were tolerated and even
  encouraged by the German authorities. Some
  headlines were
• French doctors infect German wells with plague
  germs
• German prisoners blinded  by Allied captors

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

1. German plan to blockade Britain and France.
2. U-Boats attack without warning and without
   attempting to save crews and passengers.
3. Torpedoed neutral and belligerent ships.

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Germany Warns the U.S.

1. Because many Americans traveled to Britain,
   Germany tried to urge Americans not to travel to
   Europe.
2. The Germans went as far as taking out an add in
   the New York Time to discourage Americans from
   traveling to Europe.

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The Sinking of the Lusitania

1. On May 7, 1915 a German U-Boat sank the British
   passenger ship the Lusitania, 1198 die including
   128 Americans.
2. The Germans argued that the Lusitania was
   carrying munitions in the hull.
3. The U.S. pressures Germany to end Unrestricted
   Submarine Warfare.
4. Germany agrees to end USW after signing the
   Sussex Pledge in 1916.

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Germany Sees No Other Alternative

1. Unable to make any headway after ending
   Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Germany decides
   to take action.
2. On January 1917 Germany resumed Unrestricted
   Submarine Warfare believing they could defeat
   England in 5 months.
   
   
3. We will frighten the British flag off the face
   of the waters and starve the British people until
   they, who have refused peace, will kneel and
   plead for it. Kaiser Wilhelm

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The Zimmermann Telegram

1. On January 19, 1917, British naval intelligence
   intercepted and decrypted a telegram sent by
   German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the
   German Ambassador in Mexico City.
2. In return for Mexicos help in the war, Germany
   promised to assist Mexico in recovering the
   territories ceded to the U.S. after the
   Mexican-American war.
3. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

Arthur Zimmermann
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The Actual Zimmermann Telegram
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• Germany's submarine warfare is no longer
  directed against belligerents, but against the
  whole world. All nations are involved in
  Germany's action. The challenge is to all
  mankind. Wanton, wholesale destruction has been
  effected against women and children while they
  have been engaged in pursuits which even in the
  darkest periods of modern history have been
  regarded as innocent and legitimate.
• There is one choice I cannot make. I will
  not choose the path of submission, and suffer the
  most sacred rights of the nation and of the
  people to be ignored and violated.
• With a profound sense of the solemn and even
  tragic character of the step I am taking, and of
  the grave responsibilities involved, but in
  unhesitating obedience to my constitutional duty,
  I advise Congress to declare that the recent
  course of the German Government is nothing less
  than war against the United States, and that the
  United States accept the status of a belligerent
  which has been thrust upon it, and will take
  immediate steps to put the country into a
  thorough state of defense, and to exert all her
  power and resource in bringing Germany to terms,
  and in ending the war.
• President Woodrow Wilson, April 3, 1917

• The United States declares war against Germany in
  April 1917 joining the Allies.

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War Affects the Home Front

• Governments Wage Total War
• World War I becomes a total warnations devote
  all resources to war.
• Governments take control of the economy to
  produce war goods.
• Nations turn to rationinglimiting purchases of
  war-related goods.
• Propagandaone sided information to build morale
  and support for the war.

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War Affects the Home Front

• Woman and the War
• At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously
  held by men.
• Many women also experience the war by working as
  nurses.

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The Allies Win the War

• Russia Withdraws
• Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar to step down
  from throne in 1917.
• Communists soon take control of Russias
  government.
• Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
  in March 1918, pulls out of war.

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The Allies Win the War

• The Central Powers Collapse
• With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to
  Western Front
• Engage in major fighting Allies force Germans to
  retreat.
• Allies win war armisticeend of fightingsigned
  11/11/1918

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The United States Enters the Great War

• By early 1918 the United States is able to
  mobilize 2 million men led by General John J.
  Pershing.
• The Central Powers Collapse
• With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to
  Western Front
• Engage in major fighting Allies force Germans to
  retreat.
• By the end of 1918 the Central Powers are being
  overwhelmed by the Allies.
• Bulgaria surrenders on Sept. 29, 1918
• Ottoman Empire surrenders on Oct. 30, 1918
• Austria-Hungary surrenders on Nov. 3, 1918

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Pershing Boot used to prevent Trench Foot

• Pershing oversaw the development of a new combat
  boot to prevent trench foot.

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An Armistice is Signed

1. On November 11, 1918 Germany agrees to a cease
   fire and surrenders after signing an Armistice.
2. The document was signed on the eleventh hour, of
   the eleventh, of the eleventh month.
3. Germany was not at the mercy of the Allies.
4. America emerges as a world power.

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World War I Statistics
Countries TotalMobilized Killed Died Wounded Prisoners Missing TotalCasualties Casualties of Mobilized
Allied Powers            
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3
British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2
Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7
Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3
Central Powers            
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

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The Legacy of the War

• A High Price
• War takes heavy toll 8.5 million soldiers dead,
  21 million wounded
• War devastates European economies, drains
  national treasuries.
• Many acres of land and homes, villages, towns
  destroyed.
• Survivors suffer disillusionment and despair
  reflected in the arts.

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As if War Wasnt Enough

1. The influenza pandemic took hold around the world
   in 1918-1919 and resulted in more death than in
   WWI.
2. Some estimate that between 40-50 million people
   died from the Flu.
3. More people died of influenza in a single year
   than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic
   Plague.