Rwanda

1
Rwanda

• Lawrence Ahn
• A.P. Music Theory

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
About 10,000 Square Miles
7
10,746,311
8
Hutu (84)
9
Hutu (84) Tutsi (15)
10
Hutu (84) Tutsi (15) Twa (1)
11
Roman Catholic (56.5)
12
Protestant (26)
13
Seventh-Day Adventist (11.1)
14
Muslim (4.6)
15
None (1.7)
16
Tribal Religions (0.1)
17
(No Transcript)
18
All these sites are very remarkable when you
consider the trauma this country endured 16 years
ago during the conflict that took place here.
http//www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat1
1
19
History of Rwanda
1400s
1500s
1600s
1700s
1800s
1900s
20
History of Rwanda
Ethiopia
1400s
Region was already inhabited by Twa and later
dominated by the Hutus (1000 C.E.).
1500s
1600s
The Tutsis move into Rwanda and start to
establish states.
1700s
1800s
Later dominate the region.
1900s
21
History of Rwanda
1400s
Single Tutsi state ruling almost all of Rwanda.
1500s
Headed by king called mwami, who controls Tutsi
vassals who rule different regions.
1600s
Hutus still make up majority.
1700s
1800s
1900s
22
History of Rwanda
1400s
1894 Count von Götzen from Germany enters Rwanda.
Ruanda-Urundi
Becomes part of German East Africa
1500s
Visits mwami Rwabugiri, but mwami dies 1895.
1600s
d
Political turmoil follows (conflict over
succession), and Germans move in from Tanzania
1897.
1700s
1800s
Rwanda and Burundi colonized into Ruanda-Urundi.
1900s
23
History of Rwanda
1400s
German influence minimal in colony and WWI begins
1914.
1500s
Germany invades Belgium.
1600s
Belgium retaliates by attacking and taking
Ruanda-Urundi in 1916.
1700s
Becomes part of Belgian League of Nations as the
mandate Ruanda-Urundi. Christian missionary work
slowly begins.
1800s
1900s
24
History of Rwanda
1400s
1926 Belgium distributes identity cards to
separate Hutus and Tutsis.
1500s
10 Cows Tutsi
lt10 Cows Hutu
Caused racism and a notion that Tutsis were
better than Hutus.
1600s
1700s
1962 Rwanda declares its independence.
Conflict grows Hutu Manifesto published 1957.
1800s
1959 the mwami Rudahigwa dies.
1961 Grégoire Kayibanda wins election.
1900s
Party for Hutu Emancipation
25
History of Rwanda
1400s
1973 Kayibanda removed and replaced with
Habyarimana.
1500s
Hutus would naturally dislike this surrender.
1986 Declares that Rwandan refugees fleeing the
country cant return.
1600s
Intense period of genocide of Tutsis around 1994.
RPF now committed to equality and calms the
violence by 1999.
1700s
1987 Rwandan exiles form RPF Rwandan
Patriotic Front.
1800s
Habyarimana signs peace treaty with RPF 1993.
1900s
Party for Hutu Emancipation
26
Rwandan Environment

• War has damaged environment.
• Overused/infertile soil has made agriculture
  difficult.
• Soil erosion and overgrazing.
• Deforestation from constant cutting of wood for
  fuel.

Flora Mostly savanna grassland. Fauna Elephant,
Gorilla, Antelope, Crocodile, Lion, Hippos, Cow,
Monkey.
27
Instruments andCulture
Ingoma drums made with wood and cow hide.

• Rwandan Ballet unique to Rwanda.
• Ballet Belgium.
• Traditional music mainly vocal, but instruments
  often used. Oral tradition.
• Igitaramo family gathers to dance, sing, and
  discuss accomplishments of day.
• 5/8 rhythm ( ) unique to Rwanda.
• Dance/music for celebrate.

Inanga wood, 8 strings from cow hide.
Iron ikembe Belgians introduced metals hollow.

Aerophones (aero air, phone sound) Trumpets
made of antelope horns, bamboo flutes.
28
Instruments andCulture

• Rwandan Ballet has 3 parts.
• 1. Ballet
• 2. Intore (Dance of Heroes)
• 3. Ingoma (Drums)

Rwandan Intore Dancers Intore means
elite. Battle cries, celebration of victory.
29
Instruments andCulture
5/8 Time
1
2
3
4
5
http//www.youtube.com/watch?veow2kewqYK8 (030)
Intore http//www.youtube.com/watch?vosyPPI9MdKo
featurerelated
Professional drum makers use trees and animal
hide (cow skin). 1 tree can provide 4-5 drums.
Membrane heated to tune.
30
Jean Paul Samputu (Pronounced John)

• Born 1962, songwriter from Rwanda.
• Survivor of genocide, working towards peace for
  his country.
• Lost parents and siblings from the genocide.
• Became an alcoholic, used drugs.
• It was in 2002 when I decided to forgive to
  free myselfthe power of forgiveness helped me to
  overcome the anger and the bitterness
• -Jean Paul Samputu
• (http//www.youtube.com/watch?v24cZLZEGaoc)

Album Testimony from Rwanda Singizwa (Praise Be
To God) Christian influence. Try to hear the
5/8 beat. Ngarambe Drum beat. http//www.amazon.
com/Testimony-Rwanda-Samputu/dp/B0002VGR0E (Tambou
rine)
Can sing in 6 languages! According to Wikipedia
Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Lingala, Luganda, French,
English.
31
Western Composer George Winston

• Considered New Age Artist.
• New Age Music gentle, melodic music originating
  in U.S. in 1980s combination of jazz, folk, and
  classical music (Winston doesnt like being
  tagged by this genre some claim its not exactly
  New Age).
• New Age 1980s Western spiritual movement
  without adherence to a single, specific religious
  doctrine.
• Relaxing music.

32
Western Composer George Winston

• Background
• Born 1949. Grew up mainly in Montana. Inspired
  by RB, blues, jazz, and rock, began playing
  organ 1967. Later moved to MI/FL.
• Switched to acoustic piano 1971 after hearing
  stride pianists Thomas Waller and Teddy Wilson.
  Developed his own style at the same time.
• First album 1972 Ballads and Blues.
• Montana has a variety of wildlife (elk, deer,
  bear, moose, waterfowl). Left half of Montana is
  mountainous.

33
(No Transcript)
34

• Winter Into Spring
• Rain
• (Winston does not limit himself to seasons)
• Other Albums
• Montana A Love Story
• Gulf Coast Blues Impressions A Hurricane
  Relief Benefit
• Love Will Come The Music of Vince Guaraldi,
  Volume 2

Left hand repetition. He will talk about
Montana. 6/8 Time.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDFM3vMHh9XE
35
Differences
Unique 5/8 time signature necessary for
dance. Drums maintain clear beat, inanga and
aerophones add a melody. Historical Impact
Peace after genocide, Christian influence.

• Constant left hand repetition and dynamics
  (crescendo, diminuendo) reflect varying
  intensities of rain.
• Single instrument piano produce melody instead
  of beat.
• 6/8 time.
• Purpose of music is relaxation or entertainment
  for audience.

Similarities
Environmental and Cultural Impact Cows and
savanna grasslands required to form instruments
(Samputu). Montana rain influences deep,
resonant notes (Winston).
There is no strict beat (Common Time/Alla Breve)
because complex time signatures are necessary to
produce a feeling of continuity/flow.
Strong bass sound Lower keys in Rain, drums in
Ngarambe.
36
Citations/Bibliography

• http//www.indexmundi.com/rwanda/demographics_prof
  ile.html
• http//www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id2
• http//maps.aridocean.com/maps_of_maryland_en.php
• http//www.johomaps.com/af/africablank.html
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/E_
  MxmxQEROuumEh9XbYBDQ
• http//www.webflags.com/flags/r/rwanda.htm
• http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-L
  OCATION-SIZE-AND-EXTENT.html
• http//www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id2
• http//www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm
• http//peachesaresweet.wikispaces.com/
• http//picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zbEnmGRUIX4Uu
  vG6vr0BBg

37
Citations Cont.

• http//www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/press_corner/kenya-rwan
  da-visit.html
• http//www.adventisti.lv/en/about-adventist-logo_e
  n.php
• http//www.illinoisfamily.org/informed/default.asp
  ?s754
• http//www.maps.com/map.aspx?pid12324
• http//www.in-terre-actif.com/english/fichier/Rwan
  da_FactSheet.pdf
• http//allafrica.com/stories/200909280661.html
• Cultures of the World Rwanda
• http//www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers
  /
• http//www.sendacow.org.uk/rwanda
• http//www.rwandahotelguide.com/wp-content/uploads
  /2010/04/rwanda7216.jpg

38
Citations Cont.

• http//guitarteacher.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/usin
  g-unusual-time-signitures/
• http//www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat11
• http//www.authenticword.org/IssueNo5.html
• http//www.mapsofworld.com/rwanda/people-culture-f
  estivals/intore-dancers.html
• http//www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHisto
  ries.asp?historyidad24
• http//www.kenbrown.info/stokes/wwi_map.htm
• http//www.midlifegamer.net/2010/03/playing-away-g
  ermany/german_flag/
• http//4.bp.blogspot.com/_nSAd9u9WA5I/TCxEZqlLTLI/
  AAAAAAAAAcc/7_lKmlrkNiQ/s1600/Akagera031.jpg
• http//2.bp.blogspot.com/_qEnQFL9KeAY/S8orqgLjE8I/
  AAAAAAAAGAA/j-qwm0R1qVw/s1600/Habyarimana.jpg

39
Citations Cont.

• http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html
• Clipart
• http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html
• http//www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHisto
  ries.asp?historyidad24
• http//www.customdigitalmaps.com/custom-maps/free-
  maps/africa-map.gif
• http//img.freebase.com/api/trans/image_thumb/en/g
  ustav_adolf_von_gotzen?pad1maxheight110modefi
  llcropmidmaxwidth110
• http//www.olny.nl/RWANDA/Archives/rwabugiri.jpg
• http//hutuandtutsis.wordpress.com/what-is-the-mai
  n-problem-of-our-research/
• http//nangamadumbu.tripod.com/ukozivuze/Kayibanda
  _Gregoire.jpg

40
Citations Cont.

• http//www.newtimes.co.rw/photos/14138-FRONT-PLANE
  .jpg
• http//farm3.static.flickr.com/2690/4285463922_e71
  19e8c05.jpg
• http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-F
  LORA-AND-FAUNA.html
• http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-E
  NVIRONMENT.html
• http//www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers
  /Traditional/traditional.html
• http//www.asza.com/iinanga.shtml
• http//static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/3/33/
  Rwanda_bamboo_flute.jpg/200px-Rwanda_bamboo_flute.
  jpg
• http//music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/b
  urundi/ingoma.html
• http//music.africamuseum.be/instruments/pic/rwand
  a/ingoma.jpg

41
Citations Cont.

• http//www.thefreedictionary.com/NewAgemusic
• http//www.newagemusic.nu/george-winston-still-sol
  oing/
• http//www.georgewinston.com/us/biography
• http//www.reedsburg.com/diane/winston.htm
• http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859751.html
• http//happyinmontana.com/MAPS/Montana_Map_Physica
  l_Geography.jpg
• http//mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/120
  6742220_gw_autumn.jpg
• http//mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/120
  6742220_gw_summer.jpg
• http//img3.nnm.ru/2/8/8/d/6/288d6ce0b0dc46b99f0ec
  66adb78ff1d.jpg
• http//mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/120
  6742220_gw_plains.jpg
• http//mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/120
  6742220_gw_winter2spring.jpg