C.O.E. MODULE-ECBT: 2.

1
Industrial Training Institute Vyara

• 
  
  
• C.O.E.MODULE-ECBT 2.
• BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
• DURATION 8 Week

2
Theory syllabus

• WIRE AND CABLE
• Types, grades, shapes and sizes of insulation.
• Their proper selection uses.
• Different types of joints e.g. Britannia,
  straight, tee western union.
• Care in making a good joint.
• SIGNS SYMBOLS
• Letters, signs and symbols used in electrical
  terminology.
• OHMS LAW
• Ohms law its application.

3
Theory syllabus

• 3.ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
• Concept of ele. Circuit
• Series, parallel mixed circuits.
• 4.METERS
• A.C. meters
• D.C. meters
• 5.RESISTANCE
• Law of resistance.
• Problems on law of resistance.
• 6.KIRCHHOFF LAW
• Laws.
• Their application.

4
Theory syllabus

• 7. WHEAT STONE BRIDGE
• Laws.
• Its application.
• 8 WIRINGS
• Testing of wiring
• Installations.
• Common faults, their causes remedies.
• 9 EARTHING
• Its purpose types.
• I.E. rules regarding earth earth resistance.
• 10 MEGGER
• Measurement of earth resistance by use of Megger.

5
Theory syllabus
11. BATTERY

• Electrolysis.
• Primary secondary cell, dry cell, standard
  cell.
• Grouping of cells.
• Construction working of lead acid, alkaline.
• Battery charging.
• MAGNETS
• Their types, shapes, properties, B-H curves.
• Methods of magnetization demagnetization.
• 13. ELECTROMAGNET
• Their advantages over permanent magnets.
• Faradays law Lenz's law (self mutual induct.)

6
Theory syllabus

• 14. CAPACITOR
• Working types.
• Capacity of capacitor energy stored in
  capacitor.
• 15. A.C. ELECTRICAL
• R.m.s. value, max.value, ave.value,
• Inductance, capacitance, impedence,reactance
• Power power factor improving method.
• 16. A.C. CIRCUITS
• Single phase three phase.
• 17. TRANSFORMER
• Working principle
• Types as per core, 1-phase, 3-phase.

7
Theory syllabus

• Parts of xmer.
• Different methods used for cooling.
• Parallel operation of xmer.
• Losses of xmer (hysterias eddy current).
• 18. ILLUNIMATION
• types laws.
• Construction working of incandescent lamp,
  discharge lamp, fluorescent lamp, mercury vapor
  lamp, neon lamp.
• 19. ALARM CIRCUIT
• Study of simple contactor alarm circuit.

8
WIRE CABLE

• Varies types of wires.1.VIR wire
• It is called vulcanized insulation rubber wire.
  Copper aluminum conductor are used in its.
  Rubber coating vulcanized on its. now single
  double braided wires are mostly in a uses. But
  Its lower tensile strength,chamical reaction
  bed insulation so its uses low in today.
• 2. CTS TRS wire
• It is called crab tyre sheath wire tuff rubber
  sheath wire. Hard good rubber coating on copper
  wire in this wire. Its uses in house wiring
  industrial wiring. It is used in a11kv.

9
WIRE CABLE
3. Weather proof wire No any weather reaction ,
in this types of wire. Because it has cotton
breeding with water proof. But it is flammable so
no in use now. 4. LC wire It is called led
covered wire. Led pipe on rubber insulation its
coating on conductor. It is very good in moisture
condition but less tensile strength so low uses
now. 5. MICC wire It is called mineral
insulated copper covered wire. In this types wire
copper conductor coated with magnesium oxide. And
After copper coating is coated on its. In case
of moisture weather PVC coating (serving) is
coated on its. It
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WIRE CABLE
is uses in mines, factory, furnace, boiler,
rolling mills etc. magnesium oxide is
used for avoiding moisture problems. 6. PVC
wire It is called poly venial chloride wire.
PVC coating on copper conductor so its so many
advantages as follows. (a) High die electric
strength (b) High tensile strength (c) More
defense against moisture (d) High life (e) No
disturb in vibration
11
FLEXIBLE WIRE

This is flexible wire. Its P.V.C. insulation
wire. There is two core wire. A red Wire is use
for phase black For neutron wire. It is also
Called 32\20 wire, its means 32 is gauge 20 is
no, of wire Its used for temporary wiring, Fan
wiring, tube wiring etc.
12
THREE CORE WIRE

This is three core wire. It is pvc insulated
wire. Its used for 1-phase. There is blue
wire for phase, yellow wire for neutral brown
wire for earth. There is color code wire used
for wiring supply.
13
CABLE STRUCTURE

There is cable wire. Its Use for power transmit
ion. 1- core 2- pvc insulation 3- oil duct 4-
metallic screen 5- rubber insulation
14
WIRE CABLE
15
CABLE

• Introduction
• Under ground cable is used electricity
  distribution street light in mega and big
  cities and area in place of over head line. Its
  looking so wonder beautiful but also so costly.
  
• General construction main parts of cable
• Core
• Insulation
• Metallic sheath
• Bedding
• Armoring
• Serving

16
CABLE STRUCTURE

17
CABLE

• Classification of cables as construction
• 1. Low tension cable
• 2. Belted cable
• 3. Screened or H type cable
• 4. SL type cable (separate lead sheath cable)
• 5. HSL type cable (HSL)
• 6.Super tension cable
• (a) Oil field cable
• (b) Gas pressure cable

18
DIFFERENT CABLES

19
TYPES OF WIRES

20
CABLE

• Classification of cable as insulation
• 1. Rubber insulated.
• 2. PVC insulated.
• 3. Polyethylene insulated.
• 4. Varnish cambric insulated.
• 5. Paper insulated.

21
CABLE

• Classification of cables as voltage rating
• Low voltage cable.
• 2. High voltage cable.
• 3. Supertention cable.
• 4. Extra high tension.
• 5. Extra super voltage cables.
• Insulation resistance of a 1- core sheathed
  cable.
• R pLoger2/2plr1
• capacitance dielectric stress of 1- core
  cable.
• Grading of cables.
• Methods of laying of underground cables.

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CABLE

23
T.V. CABLE

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CABLE

• Properties.1. High resitivity.
• 2. High dielectric strength.
• 3. Low thermal co-efficient.
• 4. Low water absorption
• 5. Non inflammable.
• 6. High mechanical strength.
• 7. High tensile strength.
• 8. Varies insulating materials.
• 9. Rubber.
• 10. V.I.R.
• 11. P.V.C.

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CABLE side view

26
WIRES IN NO. OF CORES

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WIRES

28
S.W.G. (standard wire gauge)

• Introduction
• A Instrument which is use for measure Cross Area
  (gauge) of wire
• varies types of gauges
• (a) 1/18
• (b) 3/20
• (c) 32/20
• Varies uses of its
• To measure Cross area of wire
• To measure gauge

29
S.W.G. Gauge Table

30
SIGNS SYMBOLS

• Introduction
• In electrical, so many signs symbols are used
  for drawing electrical circuits also use for
  short identification.
• Different types of sign symbols of ele.
• 1) A.C. 2) D.C. ?
• 3) Power w 4) Voltage v
• 5) Current I
• 6) Resistance R
• 7) Inductor L

31
SIGNS SYMBOLS

7) Neutral N 8) Positive polarity
9) Negative polarity - 10) delta
connection 11) Star connection
Y 12) Resistor 13) Variable
Resi. 14) impedance 15)
Inductor 16) Winding
17) Capacitor 18) Earth

Z
L
32
SIGNS SYMBOLS

19) Fault 20) Going up wiring
21) Going down wiring 22) 1-pole
switch o 23) 2- pole switch
o 24) 3-pole switch o 25) Two way
switch o 26) Intermediate switch
o 27) Push button switch 28) socket
5- amp. n 29) Socket 15- amp.
30) Lamp X 31) Fluorescent lamp
33
SIGNS SYMBOLS

32) Heater 33) Bell 34) Siren
35) Ceiling fan 36) Exhaust
fan 37) volt meter 38)
ammeter 39) wattmeter 40)
frequency meter 41) Ohm meter
V
I
W
F
ohm
34
SIGNS SYMBOLS

42) A.C. Motor 43) A.C. Generator
44) D.C. Motor
M
G
M _
35
SIGNS SYMBOLS

36
OHMS LAW

• Introduction
• Defination
• For a fixed metal conductor, the temperature
  other conditions remaining constant the current
  (i) through it is proportional to the potential
  difference (v) between its ends
• Equation ,
• IV/R , Icurrent
• Vvoltage
• Rresistance
• Equation solution
• Triangular equation symbols.

37
TO STUDY OF A.C. D.C. METERS

• Introduction
• Different types of meters
• (1) A.C. Meters
• (a) Ammeter
• (b) voltmeter
• (c) wattmeter
• (2) D.C. Meters
• (a) Ammeter
• (b) voltmeter
• (c) wattmeter
• Difference betn A.C. D.C. meters

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VOLTMETER CKT. DIAGRAM

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AMMETER CKT. DIAGRAM

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Moving coil instrument

41
MULTIMETER


There is varies function able type meter. It is
measure varies A.C. voltage, D.C. voltages,D.C.
ampere resistance in ohms ranges. Its also
measure diodes value etc.
42
Moving coil instrument


43
VOLT AMMETER IN CIRCUIT

44
GALVANOMETER

45
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

• Introduction
• A.C. ele. Circuits
• D.C. ele. Circuits
• Different types of fault in ele.
• (1)Open circuits
• (2) Short circuits
• (a) phase to phase fault
• (b) phase to neutral fault
• (c) phase to earth fault

46
RESISTANCE

• Introduction
• Conductor, insulator, semi conductor.
• Unit of resistance
• RV/I
• Different metters effecting on resistance
• (1) length of conductor
• (2) area of conductor
• (3) materials of conductor
• (4) temperature of conductor
• Kirchoff law their application
• 1) Voltage law
• 2) Current law
• Wheat stone bridge and its application

47
Kirchoff law

• Kirchhoffs First law At each junction of
  currents, the sum of the incoming current is
  equal to the sum of the outgoing currents. If
  all inflowing currents have positive signs, then
  we can state that, I1I2I3I4I5 I1I2-I3-
  I4-I50 in the above example the sum of all
  the currents flowing at the junction (node) is
  equal to zero. SI 0
• KirchhoffSecond Law in closed circuits,
  the applied terminal voltage V is equal to the
  sum of the voltage drop V1V2 and so forth." If
  all the generated volt. Are taken as positive,
  and all the consumed voltage are taken as
  negative, then it can be stated that in each
  closed circuit the sum of all voltage is equal to
  zero. SV 0

48
WIRING

• Introduction.
• Testing of wiring installation.
• Common faults .
• 1) Open fault.
• 2) short circuits fault.
• Their causes .
• Remedies its .
• Conduit Wiring.
• 1) Metal conduits.
• 2) P.V.C. conduits.
• Casing Capping wiring.
• 1) wooden casing capping.
• 2) P.V.C. casing capping.

49
EARTHING

• Introduction
• Its purpose
• Ear thing is used for protection and safety of
  instruments and our. It is used for grounding to
  short circuit current.
• Connection of instrument with ground with help
  of wire is called ear thing.
• Types
• (1) plate ear thing
• (2) pipe ear thing
• I.E. Rules regarding earth earth resistance

50
EARTHING

• Rod Pipe earthing these electrodes
  shall be made of metal rod or pipe having a clean
  surface not covered by paint, enamel or other
  poorly conducting material. rod electrodes of
  steel or galvanized iron shall be at least 16mm
  in diameter and those of copper shall be at least
  12.5 mm diameter. Pipe electrodes shall not be
  smaller than 38mm internal diameter, if made of
  galvanised iron or steel and 100mm internal
  diameter if made of cast iron. Electrodes shall
  as far as practicable be embedded in earth below
  the permanent moisture level. The length of the
  rod pipe electrodes shall not be less than
  2.5m. Except where rock is encountered, pipes and
  rods shall be driven to a depth of 2.5 m where
  rock is encountered at a

51
EARTHING

Depth of less than 2.5m the electrodes may be
buried inclined to the vertical. In this case too
the length of the electrodes shall be atleast
2.5m and the inclination not more than 30º from
the vertical. Deeply driven pipes and rods are
however effective where the soil resistivity
decreases with depth or where a sub-stratum of
low resistivity occurs at a depth greater than
those to which rods and pipes are normally
driven. Pipes or rods as far as possible shall be
one piece. For deeply driven rods, joints between
sections shall be made by means of a screwed
coupling which should not be of a greater
diameter than that of the rods which it connects
together.
52
EARTHING

• Plate earthing Plate electrodes when
  made of galvanised iron or steel shall not be
  less than 6.3 mm in thickness. Plate electrodes
  of copper shall be not less than 3.15 mm in
  thickness. Plate electrodes shall be of a size at
  least 60cm by 60cm. Plate electrodes shall be
  buried such that the top edge is at a depth not
  less than 1.5 m from the surface of the ground.
  Where the resistance of one plate electrode is
  higher than the required value. Two or more
  plates shall be used in parallel. In such case
  the two plates shall be separated from each other
  by not less than 8m. Plate shall preferably be
  set vertically. Use of plate electrodes is
  recommended only where the current carrying
  capacity is the prime consideration for example,
  

53
EARTHING

In generating stations if necessary plates
electrodes shall have a galvanize iron water pipe
buried vertically and adjacent to the electrodes.
One end of the pipe shall be at least 5cm above
the surface of the ground, and it need not be
more than 10cm. The internal diameter of the pipe
shall be at least 5cm and need not be more than
10cm. The length of pipe, if under the earths
surface, shall be such that it should be able to
reach the centre of the plate. In no case,
however shall it more be than the depth of the
bottom edge of the plate.
54
MEGGER

• Introduction
• Varies uses of megger
• 1) To measure insulation resistance of wire.
• 2) Testing of faults.
• 3) Testing of continuities of circuits.
• 4) To measure earth resistance .
• Structure of megger
• Megger is one type of a D.C. generator and used
  for measurement of insulation resistance of cable
  and earth. It is rotate in 160 rpm with help of
  handle. It is generate about 500 volt. Scale of
  megger is in ohms range. Megger have two or three
  terminals, there are ear thing, ground and line.
• Megger use as a earth tester.

55
ELECTROLYTE (BATTERY)

• Introduction
• Preparation of electrolyte
• Primary Secondary cell
• Dry cell Standard cell
• Grouping of cells
• Construction working of lead acid alkaline
  
• Common defects in accumulators
• Theirs causes remedies
• Batteries charging

56
BATTERY TESTING

57
PRIMARY CELLS TESTING

58
PRIMARY CELLS

These are primary cells. It is also called dry
cells. Either it is chargeable or unchangeable
. It is made in 1.5 3 volt capaty. Sign code
pulse minus also designed on its. Capacitor in
series C1C2C3 Its means total capacity of
capa. is increased in series position.
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STRUCTURE OF PRIMARY CELL

60
ELECTROPLATING

61
EFFECT OF CELL

62
MAGNETS

• Introduction
• Types of magnet
• (1) natural magnet
• (2) artificial magnet
• (a) permanent magnet
• (b) electromagnet
• Shapes of magnet
• (1) bar magnet
• (2) horse shoe magnet
• (3) ring magnet
• (4)cylindrical magnet
• Properties of magnet
• B-H curve of magnet

63
RIGHT HAND RULE

64
ELECTROMAGNETS

• Introduction
• Solenoids electromagnetic induction
• (1) self
• (2) mutual
• Electromagnet advantages over permanent magnets
• Faradays laws of electro. introduction
• 1) First law whenever a conductor cuts
  magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that
  conductor
• 2) second law the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
  is equal to the rate of charge of flux
  linkage
• Lenz's law
• Eddy currents

65
CAPACITORS

• Introduction.
• A capacitor is a device capable of
  storing electric charge.
• Working of its.
• It consists of two conducting surfaces (
  may be in form of either circular or rectangular
  plates or of spherical or cylindrical shape )
  separated by an insulating material called a
  dielectric.
• Types of capacitors.
• (1) paper capacitor.
• (2) oil capacitor.
• (3) Air capacitor.
• (4) Mica capacitor.
• (5) Ceramic capacitor.

66
CAPACITORS Applications

TYPE CAPACITANCE VOLTAGE(WVDC) APPLICATIONS
Monolithic 1pF -10pF 50-200 UHF,RF coupling
Disc tube ceramics 1pF -1µF 50-500 General, VHF
Paper 0.001 -1µF 200-1600 Motors, power supply
Film- polypropylene 0.001 -0.47µF 400-1600 TV vertical circuit, RF
Polyester 0.001 -1µF 100-600 Entertainment-electronics
Polystyrene 0.001 -1µF 100-200 General, high stability
Polycarbonate 0.01 -18µF 50-200 General
Metallized polypropylene 4 -60 µF 400VAC 50 Hz AC motors
Metallized polyester 0.01 -10µF 100-600 Coupling, RF filtering
Electrolytic aluminum 1 -500000µF 5-500 Power suppliers, filters
Electrolytic tantalum 0.1 -1000µF 3-125 Small space requirement
Electrolytic non polarized 0.47 -220µF 16-100 Loudspeaker cross-over
Mica 330pF -0.05µF 50-100 High frequency
Silver Mica 5 -820pF 50-500 High frequency
Variable ceramic 1 -5 to 16- 100pF 200 Radio,TV,communication
Film 0.8- 5 to 1.2 -30pF 50 Oscillators, antenna,
air 10- 365pF 50 Broadcast, receivers
67
CAPACITORS

• Capacity of capacitors.
• Energy stored in capacitor.
• Charging Discharging of capacitors.

68
ELECTRICAL TERMS (A.C.)

• Introduction.
• R.m.s. value.
• Maximum value.
• Average value.
• Inductance.- Xl 2?fL
• Capacitance. - Xc 1/2?fC
• Impedance
• Reactance.
• Power power factor in a.c.
• Dis. Advantages of poor power factor.
• Improving methods of power factor.

69
A.C.CIRCUITS

• Introduction
• Single phase a.c. circuits
• A.C. series circuits.
• A.C. parallel circuits.
• Comparison of series parallel resonant
  circuits.
• Three phase a.c. circuits.
• Star- connected system.
• Delta connected system.
• Comparison between 1-phase 3-phase.
• 1. Voltage. 4 Measurement.
• 2. Power. 5 Faults.
• 3. Wave form.
• 6. Faults in circuits.

70
TRANSFORMER

• Introduction.
• The function of xmer is to transform
  alternating current energy from one voltage into
  another voltage.
• Working principle of xmer.
• A xmer operates on the principle of mutual
  inductance, betn two inductively coupled coils.
• Types of xmer.
• (1)shell type (2)core type
• (3) single phase (4) three phase
• Parts of power xmer.
• Voltage transformation ratio of xmer.
• Different methods of cooling.
• Parallel operation of xmer.

71
Internal Structure of Xmer

72
TRANSFORMER

• Step up Xmer
• Step down xmer

73
TRANSFORMER

74
TRANSFORMER

• Losses.
• (1)copper losses.
• It produces in winding of primary
  secondary of transformer.
• WI2R watt
• (2) hystersis losses.
• It produces in core of transformer.
• (3) eddy current losses.
• It is also produces in core of transformer

75
ILLUMINATIONS

• Introduction.
• Terminology
• Laws of illuminations.
• Law of inverse squares.
• Lamberts cosine law.
• Types of Lighting systems.
• Direct Lighting.
• Semi direct lighting.
• Semi indirect lighting.
• Indirect lighting.
• General reflection.
• (5) neon sign

76
ILLUMINATIONS

• Construction working of following lamps.
• (1) incandescent lamps
• (2) fluorescent lamps
• (3)mercury lamps
• (4) sodium vapour lamps

77
FLUORESCENT LAMP

• Principle of a discharge lamp the basic
  principle of a gas discharge lamp is explained.
  Gasses are normally poor conductors, especially
  at atmospheric higher pressures, but
  application of suitable voltage( known as
  ignition voltage) between two electrodes in a
  sealed envelope containing gas at low pressure
  ionises the gas and current passes from one
  electrode to the other. A glass shall with two
  electrodes apart is connected through lead in
  wires to the voltage source. The space within the
  shall is filled with low pressure vapor . When
  the voltage applied to the electrode is increase
  to a certain value , the gases inside gets ionise
  start conducting when once the ionization take
  place current is conducted from one to

78
FLUORESCENT LAMP

The other, the resistance in the circuit drop
very rapidly it causes heavy current drawl a
device to limit the excess current must be
provided the current flow through the low
pressure gas is called discharged this causes the
gas vapor to emit radiation ultra violet region.
The UV radiation can not be perceived by the
human eye, certain phosphors have the property of
emitting light in the visible spectrum when the
phosphor is exposed to UV rays.
79
FLUORESCENT LAMP

80
Construction of Fluorescent Lamp

81
ALARM CIRCUITS

• Introduction.
• Alarm circuit is a electro magnetic and
  mechanical both combination system.
• Working structure of alarm ckts.
• Alarm circuits, It is working on electro
  magnetic law. When circuit getting supply, bobbin
  coil becomes electromagnets. A bobbin fitting on
  soft iron core so a core become magnet and its
  attracted to sprig strip. A sprig strip hitting
  on the gang and voice produces a one time. At
  that time circuit had opened by adjective screw.
• fault finding.

82
STUDY OF RESISTANCE
83
STUDY OF CAPACITANCE
84
STUDY OF INDUCTANCE
85
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
86
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL MESUREMENT
87
STUDY OF WIRING
88
STUDY OF EARTHING
89
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL CELLS
90
STUDY OF ACCUMULATORS
91
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL BATTERY
92
STUDY OF MEGNETS
93
BASICS OF MEGNETS
94
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS
95
STUDY OF POWER TERMS
96
STUDY OF IMPEDANCE TERM
97
STUDY OF AC CIRCUITS
98
STUDY OF TRANSFORMER
99
ILLUMINATION TECHNOLOGY
100
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL LAMPS
101
STUDY OF CONTACTORS
102
STUDY OF ALARMS
103
STUDY OF INSULATED WIRES
104
STUDY OF INSULATED CABLES