The Byzantine Empire

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The Byzantine Empire
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(No Transcript)
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Middle Ages Asia - Byzantine Empire

• Byzantine Empire Under Justinian

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire
New Rome - 500 1500

After the division of the Roman Empire, in 395,
Eastern Rome flourished for an additional 1,000
years.
Capital Constantinople
Emperors considered themselves gods.
In 527 Justinian became ruler of the Byzantine
Empire.
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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Justinians Goal to rule the Eastern and
  Western Roman Empires
• Military General, Belisarius, sent to recover
  North Africa from the Vandals
• 2 Years later, Belisarius took Rome from the
  Ostrogoths
• Later took control of Italy and part of Spain

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Justinian
• ruled with absolute power
• head of state and the church
• served as the head of the eastern branch of the
  Christian church
• appointed bishops (political position/spiritual)
• lived under threat of assassination

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Middle Ages - Asia

• Justinian Code
• Justinians attempt to establish a single code of
  law for the entire empire. It consisted of four
  parts.
• 1. CODE 5,000 laws considered useful to the
  people
• 2. DIGEST 50 volumes of opinion by Romes legal
  experts
• 3. INSTITUTES textbooks to inform law students
  how to use the law
• 4. NOVELLA (New Laws) made up of legislation
  passed after 534
• The Code served the Byzantine Empire for over
  900 years.

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Justinians Accomplishments
• largest public building program in Roman history
• rebuilt Constantinople including 14 mile stone
  wall
• Constantinople actually was surrounded by three
  walls
• great passion for church building
• helped show his commitment to the church
• rebuilt Hagia Sophia, the church of Holy Wisdom,
  considered the most splendid church in the
  Christian world

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Middle Ages - Asia Byzantine Empire

• Constantinople -
• Center of trade-market square for local and
  international trade
• Center of culture and entertainment
• Center of economic activity for the empire
• Center of learning
• Public schools, monastic schools, and private
  tutors
• Studied Greek Latin grammar, philosophy,
  rhetoric, classical literature, geometry,
  history, and science

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire
Theodora

• Wife of Justinian
• Came from a lower social status (daughter of a
  bear keeper, actress/prostitute)
• Justinian changed laws to marry her
• Joint ruler with Justinian
• Encouraged Justinian to be a bold ruler
• Promoted the rights of women

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Theodora And Her Court
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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Hagia Sophia

• The Church Justinians Passion
• Church of Holy Wisdom
• Rebuilt after being destroyed in riots
• Beautiful art 1,000 lamps and candles
• Russian nobles marveled and wanted to adopt
  Byzantine Christianity

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE Art
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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Byzantine Education
• Monastic schools
• Public schools
• Private tutors
• Greek and Latin grammar
• Works of Homer
• Euclidian geometry
• History

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Justinians Accomplishments
• The Hippodrome
• Center of Byzantine Entertainment
• Roman entertainment
• circus acts and chariot races
• place of Nika Rebellion, where angry
  political activists gathered to proclaim a new
  emperor. Justinian sent Belisarius to stop the
  rioting. 30,000 were killed in the rebellion.

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Justinian Plague
• During the last years of Justinians rule
• Most likely came from India
• In 542, 10,000 people/day were dying
• A large portion of the population died

The Plague left a small population to defend
against enemy attacks.
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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• The Fall of the Byzantine Empire

• Attacked by Germanic invaders Persians
• Caught in the politics of the Crusades
• Western invaders nearly destroyed Constantinople
• Last effort to save the empire
• Bribes
• Diplomacy
• Political concessions
• Finally fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Europe was greatly influenced by the Western
  Roman Empire, especially in language, religion,
  and culture.
• Russia and other Asian nations were greatly
  influenced by the Byzantine (Eastern Roman)
  Empire in the same areas.
• Today each reflects the heritage of the Roman
  Empire that influenced them the most.

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Byzantine patriarchs (bishops) were under the
  authority of the emperor
• 730 Emperor Leo III banned the use of Icons in
  worship
• Thought it was idol worship
• Iconoclasts were sent out to destroy church
  images
• This made the people mad

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Iconoclasts icon breakers broke into the
  churches to destroy the images used in worship.
• The people rioted.
• The clergy rebelled.
• The pope (West) ordered the excommunication of
  the Byzantine emperor

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• The Great Schism
• Differences in the Eastern Western churches
  continued to grow.
• 1154 Pope and emperor excommunicated each other
  in a dispute over religious doctrine
• The Church permanently split
• The Roman Catholic Church West
• headed by the pope
• The Orthodox Church - East
• headed by the patriarch
• This permanent split is known as the Great Schism

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• St. Methodius St. Cyril
• Worked with Slavic people
• Invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages so
  that Slavs could learn to read the Bible.
• Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet today.

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• SLAVS
• From north of the Black Sea
• Traded in Constantinople, absorbing the culture
• Russian culture grew out of the blending of Greek
  and Slavic traditions
• Tribes with no political unity

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Russian Legend
• Slavs invited the Viking king, Rurik to be their
  king
• Rurik founded Novgorod, Russias first important
  city
• Later Kiev was founded along the Dnieper River.
• Traded in Constantinople

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Religion
• Kievan nobility visited Constantinople, and there
  converted to Christianity.

. . .the Greeks led us to the buildings where
they worship their God and we knew not whether we
were in heaven or on earth. For on the earth
there is no such splendor or such beauty, and we
were at a loss how to describe it. We only know
that God dwells there among men, and we can not
forget its beauty
All of Kiev was converted to Christianity and
looked to the Byzantine Empire for religious
guidance.
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BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Kiev
• Grew and prospered
• Became the first unified territory of Russia
• Became powerful under the rule of Yaroslavl the
  Wise
• Political marriages gave Kiev European trade
  partners
• Established a code of laws geared toward property
  protection
• Christianity grew
• Broke tradition by dividing Kiev among three sons
  
• Sons fought over the land
• Crusades disrupted trade
• Defeated by the Mongols

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Middle Ages Asia Byzantine Empire

• Mongol Rule in Russia
• Mongols under Genghis Khan were the most feared
  warriors of all time.
• Kiev was attacked and destroyed under Batu Khan,
  grandson of Genghis Kahn.
• Mongols ruled southern Russia for over 200 yrs.
• Required absolute obedience
• Required massive taxes
• Moscow rose under Mongol rule

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Russia Breaks With Mongols
• In 1430, under the leadership of Ivan III
• Refused to pay tribute to Mongols
• Russian forces and Mongol forces met for battle
• Neither wanted to fight, both went home
• Russia won freedom from Mongol rule

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Make a brief statement about each map.
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BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• After looking at the images, write 5 statements
  about the
• Byzantine Empire.

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• Han Dynasty Collapsed 220 AD
• Followed by the rise/fall of 30 dynasties
• 580 China was united

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• TANG DYNASTY 616-907

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• TANG Dynasty ruled for 300 years
• Established after a major revolution
• Empire expanded
• Extended influence into Korea
• Strong central government
• Expanded roads and canals
• Lowered taxes
• Helped the poor
• Promoted foreign trade

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• TANG REVISIONS IN GOVERNMENT
• Restored bureaucracy
• Opened schools

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• FALL OF THE TANG DYNASTY
• Due to military expansion taxes were raised
• Increased taxes caused hardships
• Peasants fled to villages became bandits
• Lost control of the empire
• Defeated by Arab forces

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Middle Ages Asia - China
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Middle Ages Asia - China

• SONG DYNASTY ruled for 300 years
• Civil war at the end of the Tang Dynasty
• China divided into separate kingdoms
• Smaller kingdom than previous dynasties
• Tried to buy peace by paying enemies
• By the 1100s, the Manchurians conquered the Song
  Dynasty
• Song families fled

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• EFFECTS Tang and Song Dynasties
• Tang and Song Dynasties were periods of growth
  in population, trade, wealth, new ideas, and
  artistic achievements.
• China became the most populous country in the
  world.

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Middle Ages Asia - China

• EFFECTS of Tang and Song Dynasties
• Noted for invention of
• movable type
• gun powder
• porcelain
• mechanical clock
• paper money
• magnetic compass

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Nomadic people of the steppe regions
• Known as pastoralists or herdsmen
• Lived in clans

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Sometimes raided villages for supplies
• Townspeople were afraid of them
• Great Wall of China was built to protect China
  from the Mongol invaders
• Sometimes conquered entire empires

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Genghis Khan
• universal leader
• United the Mongol clans
• Military campaign against Muslims who disrupted
  Mongol trade
• Goal was to conquer China

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Success of Genghis Khan
• Military Organization
• Military Strategy
• New Weapons Technology
• Used cruelty and fear

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• After Genghis Khans Death his son Ogadai ruled
  as the Great Khan
• Conquered land from China to Poland
• Largest unified land mass in history
• After his death the lands were divided into
  Khanates (provinces) each ruled by descendants
  of Genghis Khan

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Kublai Khan grandson of Genghis Khan
• Became the Great Khan
• Conquered China united for the first time in
  300 years
• Established the Yuan Dynasty
• Lived most of his life in China
• Failed to gain control of Japan

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Mongol Rule in China
• Mongol style rule had to be changed
• Mongols lived segregated from the Chinese
• Mongols served in high government positions
• Chinese kept local government jobs
• Some higher jobs went to foreigners Muslims and
  Christians such as Marco Polo

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Marco Polo
• Traveled from Europe by the Silk Roads
• 1275 arrived in Kublais Khans court

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Marco Polo
• Sent on government missions by Khan
• Served in the court for 17 years
• Upon his return to Italy because of a war he was
  imprisoned
• There he told the story of his travels to China
• His stories were compiled into a book

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• Marco Polo
• His stories were at first thought to be a
  collection of tall tales
• Later, his stories sparked and interest in trade
  to the far East

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Middle Ages Asia China Mongol Conquests

• End of Mongol Rule
• At the end of Kublai Khans rule, his expansion
  attempts fell to defeat
• After his death, Mongol rule weakened
• Chinese rebellions broke out
• Famine and disease
• Chinese rebels overthrew the Mongols

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Middle Ages Africa

• North and Central Africa
• 1. Hunting-Gathering
• Oldest form of social organization
• Speak their own language
• Forest Dwellers
• Live in small groups
• Semi-nomadic
• Women gatherers
• Men hunters
• Oldest male group leader

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Middle Ages Africa

• 2. Stateless Societies
• Groups organized by lineage
• Systems of government by lineage
• No centralized government
• Cooperate and shared power
• Worked until European intrusion in Africa with
  the expectation of one ruler

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Middle Ages Africa

• 3. Muslim States
• Islam important to the development of North
  Africa
• Islam spread across North Africa rulers of the
  region converted to Islam and based their
  governments on Islamic law believing Gods law is
  higher than human law.

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Middle Ages Africa

• Islamic Law
• An obligation
• No separation between personal and religious life
• Regulates all areas of life
• Unifying force in the Muslim world-common law

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Middle Ages Africa

• West Africa
• Three powerful Empires W. Africa
• Ghana
• Soninke people/region
• Taxed traders crossing through their land
• Gold and Salt most important trade items

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Middle Ages Africa

• West Africa
• Rich in gold deposits
• Lacked salt
• Products brought to regional trade centers
• Exchanged goods that were taxed by the kings of
  the region
• Insured that all goods were weighed fairly
• Provided protection from bandits

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Middle Ages Africa

• Empire of Ghana
• By law, only the king cold own gold nuggets and
  salt
• The king limited supply and
• kept prices stable
• King was religious leader, judge and military
  leader
• Kings extracted large payments from surrounding
  kingdoms

Islam spread through trade and the kings of
Ghana eventually converted to Islam
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Middle Ages Africa

• Empire of Mali
• Malis wealth from new found gold deposits to
  the east, shifting the trade routes
• Malis King, Sundiata conquered Ghana
• Next leader, Mansa Musa, controlled the gold and
  salt trade
• Strong army protected the lands of Mali
• Expanded the size of the empire
• Built the trade city of Timbuktu attracting
  doctors, religious leaders and scholars from
  around the world

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Middle Ages Africa

• Empire of Songhai
• Ruled by Sunni Ali
• Built up a strong army
• Extended their territory
• Gained control over trade routes
• Captured the city of Timbuktu
• Later ruled by Askia Muhammad
• After the overthrow of Sunni Alis son
• Excellent administrator
• Efficient tax collection system
• Lacked modern weapons
• Was overthrown by Moroccan forces

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Middle Ages Africa

• Eastern City-States and Southern Empires
• With migration and trade cultures were blended
• Bantu Arabic languages blended to create
  Swahili
• Major sea port and regional trade centers
  developed
• During European Explorations
• Portuguese sought sea routes to India
• Hoped to gain profit from the trade of spices and
  silk
• When they saw the wealth of the E. African
  city-states the Portuguese conquered them

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Middle Ages Africa

• Islamic Influences
• Islam introduced by Muslim traders
• Spread through growth and commerce
• Most government officials in E. Africa were
  Muslim
• Some Muslim traders captured and sold slaves
• Low numbers were enslaved until the 1700s

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Middle Ages Africa

• Southern Africa Great Zimbabwe
• Gold and ivory were the major products
• Great Zimbabwe-economic, political religious
  center
• Gained control of trade routes
• Leaders taxed traders
• Demanded payments from tribal chiefs
• 1450 Great Zimbabwe was abandoned
• Reasons unknown
• Area would no longer support the population

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Middle Ages Africa

• Mutapa Empire
• State to replace Great Zimbabwe
• Dominated the people of the region
• Forced dominated people, the
• Mutota, to pay tribute
• Eventually conquered most of the land of Zimbabwe
• Portuguese tried to conquer the Mutapa Empire but
  could not
• Portuguese got involved in Mutapa politics and
  helped deposed one ruler and put another that
  they could control on the throne.
• Beginning of European interference in Africa