Vaccines

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Vaccines

• A Continuation of the Immune System
• By Kirsten Meisterling

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What are vaccines? How do they work?

• A weak or killed microorganism that is introduced
  to the body to improve immunity
• Basically, the injected microorganism triggers an
  immune response and the body will then remember
  the pathogen

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Step by Step

• Microorganism or purified product is injected
• Phagocytic Macrophages engulf pathogen and
  present it on their MHC
• T Helper cells shake hands with the Macrophage
  and recognize the nonself protein from the
  pathogen on the MHC
• T Helper cells stimulate B cells to go through
  specific clonal selection, making plasma cells
  and memory cells
• The body now has specific immunity and will
  remember the microorganism
• See it!

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Types of Vaccines

• Killed
• Flue, Cholera, Hepatitus A
• Attenuated (Live) microorganisms that have been
  cultivated in an environment to inhibit their
  virulent qualities
• Mumps, rubella, yellow fever
• Toxoid inactivated toxic compounds
• Tetanus, Diphtheria
• Protein Subunit a small piece of a microorganism
• Hepatitus B
• Conjugate linked with a protein, polysaccharides
  from a bacterias outer coat allows the body to
  recognize it as a protein antigen
• Haemophilus influenzae type B

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The Difference of Anti-Venom

• Snakes are milked
• Venom is introduced to various animals in small
  amounts
• These animals have an immune response and
  antibodies are produced
• These antibodies are harvested, purified and
  stored for future envenomation
• Anti-venoms are actual injections of antibodies,
  where vaccines are injections of microorganisms
  triggering an immune response and immune memory

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Monoclonal and Polyclonal

• Antibodies are polyclonal when they can recognize
  many different sites on an antigen
• Antibodies are monoclonal when they only
  recognize one specific epitope on an antigen
• Lets see how monoclonal antibodies are made!!

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A Brief History

• Edward Jenner was a country doctor
• In the 18th century, smallpox was a major cause
  of death
• In 1788, an outbreak struck his town and he
  observed that people who had been subject to a
  similar, but much milder, cowpox, did not get
  smallpox
• He tested his theory on a milkmaid, confirming
  she had cowpox. He took samples of puss from her
  sores, and some samples from a smallpox victim
• Jenner inoculated (by cutting and pouring) a farm
  boy with the cowpox. Six weeks later Jenner
  inoculated the boy with smallpox and he did not
  get sick

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1798 Smallpox
1879 Cholera Infection in small intestine
causing diarrhea
1885 Rabies Viral Infection
1890 Tetanus Nervous system disease caused by
bacteria
1921 Diphtheria Acute (sudden) infection caused
by bacteria
1952 Polio Viral infection damaging nerves and
possibly leading to paralysis
1963 Measles Very contagious respiratory
infection caused by virus
1970 Rubella Contagious infection with rash
1974 Chicken Pox
1981 Hepatitis B
1992 Hepatitis A
1998 Lyme Disease
2006 Human Papillomavirus