Phenomenology

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Phenomenology Grounded Theory

• Qualitative Research Methods

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Phenomenology

• History
• First used by Johann Heinrich Lambert
• - Later used by Immanuel Kant and Johann
  Gottlieb Fichte
• Made popular in 1807 in G. W. F. Hegels book
  titled Phänomenologie des Geistes (usually
  translated as Phenomenology of Spirit)

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Phenomenology

• History
• Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) later refined the
  meaning into more of what we use today.
• - Phenomena can be studied only subjectively,
  not objectivelythus phenomenology is a close
  cousin of existentialism

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Phenomenology

• Defining
• Phenomenology the study of structures of
  experience, or consciousness
• - study of phenomena appearances of things,
  or things as they appear in our experience, or
  the ways we experience things, thus the meanings
  things have in our experience
• 
  http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/

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Phenomenology

• Defining
• Phenomenology A philosophy or method of inquiry
  based on the premise that reality consists of
  objects and events as they are perceived or
  understood in human consciousness and not of
  anything independent of human consciousness.

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Phenomenology

• Defining
• Phenomenology the study of peoples conscious
  experience of their life-world, that is, their
  everyday life and social action
• (Schram, 2003, p. 71)

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Phenomenology

• Assumption
• There are essence(s) in shared experience(s) that
  are the core meanings understood through a
  phenomon commonly experiences.

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Phenomenology

• Assumption
• 1. Researchers must depict that essence or basic
  structure of experience
• a. Must suspend prior knowledge beliefs
• - helps heighten consciousness

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Phenomenology

• Road Map!

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Phenomenology

• Road Map!

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Phenomenology

• Five Orientations
• 1) Transcendental constitutive phenomenology
  studies how objects are constituted in pure or
  transcendental consciousness, setting aside
  questions of any relation to the natural world
  around us.

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Phenomenology

• Orientation
• (2) Naturalistic constitutive phenomenology
  studies how consciousness constitutes or takes
  things in the world of nature, assuming with the
  natural attitude that consciousness is part of
  nature.

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Phenomenology

• Five Orientations
• (3) Existential phenomenology studies concrete
  human existence, including our experience of free
  choice or action in concrete situations.

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Phenomenology

• Five Orientations
• (4) Generative historicist phenomenology studies
  how meaning, as found in our experience, is
  generated in historical processes of collective
  experience over time.

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Phenomenology

• Five Orientations
• (5) Genetic phenomenology studies the genesis of
  meanings of things within one's own stream of
  experience.

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Phenomenology

• Orientation
• (6) Hermeneutical phenomenology studies
  interpretive structures of experience, how we
  understand and engage things around us in our
  human world, including ourselves and others.

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Phenomenology

• Orientation
• (7) Realistic phenomenology studies the structure
  of consciousness and intentionality, assuming it
  occurs in a real world that is largely external
  to consciousness and not somehow brought into
  being by consciousness.

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Phenomenology

• Characteristics
• Emphasizes a focus on people's subjective
  experiences and interpretations of the world
• 2. Sometimes considered a school of thought or
  philosophical perspective

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Phenomenology

• Characteristics
• Wants to understand how the world appears to
  others
• 4. Analysis of experience

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Phenomenology

• 5 Methods/Approaches
• 1. Describe a type of experience just as we find
  it in our own (past) experience.
• 2. Interpret a type of experience by relating it
  to relevant features of context
• 3. Analyze the form of a type of experience

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Phenomenology

• 5 Methods/Approaches
• 4. Logico-semantic model specify the truth
  conditions for a type of thinking or the
  satisfaction conditions for a type of intention
• - i.e., Bears hibernate in the winter
• - i.e.,I intend to get an A in this class

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Phenomenology

• 5 Methods/Approaches
• 5. Neurophenomenology assumes that conscious
  experience is grounded in neural activity in
  embodied action in appropriate surroundings
• - mixes phenomenology with biological and
  physical science

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Phenomenology

• Interviewing Steps
• 1. Explore your own experiences set aside your
  opinions/judgments
• epoche Greek word meaning to refrain from
  judgment/set them aside

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Phenomenology

• Interviewing Steps
• 2. Bracket judgments and everyday understandings
  in order to examine consciousness itself
• 3. Phenomenological reduction revisiting the
  experience to derive the inner structure/meaning
  in and of itself

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Phenomenology

• Interviewing Steps
• 4. Horizontalization laying out all the data and
  analyzing it equally
• - no one thing is more important
• 5. Organize into clusters or themes

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Phenomenology

• Interviewing Steps
• 6. Imaginative variation viewing the data from
  multiple perspectives
• - seeing different things from different angles

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Phenomenology

• Interviewing Steps
• 7. The end product should be
• a composite description that presents the
  essence of the phenomenon, called the
  essential, invariant structure
• (Cresswell, 2007, p. 62)

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Phenomenology

• Interviewing Steps
• 7. The end product should be
• a composite description that presents the
  essence of the phenomenon, called the
  essential, invariant structure
• (Cresswell, 2007, p. 62)