Body Systems Overview and Regulation

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Body Systems Overview and Regulation
AP Biology Unit 6
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Body Systems Overview

• How can we link major body systems together
  through the theme of energy?
• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Excretory

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Body Systems Energy

• Digestive
• Obtain and break down food into nutrients needed
  for energy
• Circulatory
• Transport nutrients to appropriate locations

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Body Systems Energy

• Respiratory
• Obtain O2 and get rid of CO2 (involved in energy
  producing reactions)
• Excretory
• Filter out wastes created from cells during
  energy creating/breakdown processes

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Bioenergetics

• Tracing the energy flow through an animal
• What happens to the energy?
• Used for
• Cellular Respiration
• Building
• Storage
• Some energy is also lost as heat

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Feedback and Regulation

• Feedback and regulation is important for
  maintaining homeostasis
• Homeostasis internal balance (temperature,
  levels of hormones, etc.)
• Feedback can be either positive or negative
• Negative triggers something to stop
• Positive triggers something to be amplified

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Feedback and Regulation

• Cells must be kept in an aqueous environment
  (prevents cells from drying out)
• Interstitial fluid fluid between cells that
  allows nutrients and wastes to be transferred in
  and out

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Feedback and Regulation

• More complex organisms usually require more
  regulation in order to maintain homeostasis

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Regulation

• When environmental conditions change, animals
  react to these changes in a variety of ways
• Regulator animal who uses internal processes to
  maintain internal conditions
• Ex. humans
• Conformer animal who will adjust to the
  environment
• Ex. Spider crabs

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Temperature regulation

• Ectotherm
• Gains heat from environment
• Cant internally regulate their own body
  temperature
• Endotherm
• Internal processes generate enough heat to
  regulate body temperature

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Temperature Regulation in Humans

• Controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain
• Several different mechanisms can be used to
  regulate body temperature
• Dilation and constriction of blood vessels
• Sweating (Evaporative cooling)
• Muscle contractions (ex. shivering)

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