Secret Mission 29B

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Secret Mission 29B35YPenn State Plastics
Surveying the Troops
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A Message from High Commander Paul E. Mer

• MISSION Your mission, should you choose to
  accept, is to survey the ranks of the plastics
  troops, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses,
  and send them into battle accordingly.

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One General has been assigned to each troop to
assist you on your mission
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General Commodity Thermoplastics

• Alias Volume Thermoplastics
• Troops Include
• High Density Polyethylene
• Low Density Polyethylene
• Linear Low Density Polyethylene
• Polypropylene
• Polystyrene
• PVC Resin

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General High-Temperature Thermoplastics

• Troops Include
• Fluoropolymer
• Liquid Crystal Polymers
• Polyamide/Imide
• Polyarylate
• Polyetherketone
• Polyetherimide
• Polyphenylene Sulfide
• Polysulfone

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General Engineering Thermoplastics

• Troops Include
• Acrylic
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
• Acetal
• Cellulosics
• Nylon
• Polycarbonate
• Polyester
• Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene
• Polyphenylene Oxide /PPE
• Polyurethane
• Styrene Acrylonitrile
• Styrene Maleic Anhydride
• Thermoplastic Elastomer

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General Therm O. Set

• Troops Include
• Alkyd
• Diallyl Phthalate
• Epoxy
• Melamine Molding Compound
• Phenolic, G-P
• Polyester, Unsaturated
• Polyurethane, Isocyanates
• Urea Molding Compound
• Vinyl Ester

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General Recycled Plastic

• Troops Include
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
• Polycarbonate
• Polyethylene
• Polyethylene Terephalate Bottles
• Polypropylene
• Polystyrene
• Polyvinyl chloride

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General Commodity Thermoplastics Will Report
First

• All members use the addition polymerization
  method
• The differences in the members is in the
  functional groups attached to the carbons

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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The Polyethylene Family

• Alias PE
• The simplest of all polymers
• Two (2) carbons
• Four (4) hydrogens
• Basic polymer repeating unit

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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The Polyethylene Family Properties

• Relatively insensitive to most solvents
• Good or bad for the following? Why?
• Chemical Reaction vessels
• Painting PE items
• Joining or bonding PE
• High electrical resistance
• Low cost
• Ease of manufacturing

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Low Density Polyethylene

• First polyethylene made
• Density of 0.910-0.925 g/cm³
• Properties
• Soft
• Waxy
• Flexible
• Low-melting
• High stress-crack resistance
• Used for the lids for margarine containers, for
  trash bags, squeeze bottles.

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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LDPE

• Polymer chains have many branches, of varying
  lengths, off of the main polymer backbone
• Resembles tangled ball of yarn?

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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High Density Polyethylene

• 1950s German chemists discovered catalyst to
  prevent most of the branching
• Same chemical composition as LDPE
• Density of 0.935-0.960 g/cm³
• Properties
• Stronger
• More rigid
• More dense
• Higher melting
• More abrasion resistant
• Used to make milk jugs, bleach containers,
  automobile gas tanks, and shipping drums

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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HDPE

• Easier for long strands of the molecule to form
  ordered, or crystalline, regions than with LDPE

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Linear Low Density Polyethylene

• A copolymer of ethylene and 1-hexene
• Child of LDPE and HDPE
• Low density like LDPE
• Linear structure like HDPE
• Properties
• Generally between LDPE and HDPE
• Plastic film is the product most produced using
  LLDPE

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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LLDPE

• The branched chains from the 1-hexene attached to
  the polyethylene chain to provide branches of
  defined length
• Density of 0.918-0.940 g/cm³
• Usually longer side chains

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Polyethylene summary
LDPE HDPE LLDPE


Soft, waxy, flexible, low-melting, high stress-crack resistance Stronger, rigid, dense, higher melting, more abrasion resistant Generally between LDPE and HDPE
Used for margarine container lids, trash bags, squeeze bottles Used for milk jugs, bleach containers, gas tanks, shipping drums Used for plastic film, food packaging, shrink wrap, heat sealed layers
Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Polypropylene

• Serves as both a plastic and a fiber
• Dishwasher safe food containers (high heat)
• Indoor/Outdoor carpeting (no water absorption)

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Polystyrene

• An inexpensive, hard, strong plastic
• Model cars, Styrofoam, and clear plastic cups

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Polyvinyl Chloride Resin

• Alias PVC
• Used in pipes, linoleum, vinyl siding
• PVC was created by Eugen Baumann in 1872, but
  they had no use for it.
• Resists fire and water

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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General High-Temperature Thermoplastics Will
Report

• These soldiers generally have
• High strength and stiffness
• Excellent performance in high temperatures

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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Fluoropolymer

• Contains a fluororesin and a reinforcement
• Unique physical and chemical properties
• Do not bond readily with other materials
  (nonstick)
• Lubricity
• Teflon (PTFE)

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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Liquid Crystal Polymers

• Similar in structure to aramid fibers, but more
  processable.
• Can be used at temperatures above 260C.

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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Polyamide/Imide

• Alias PAI
• A family of engineering thermoplastic polymers
  based on the combination of trimellitic anhydride
  with aromatic diamines
• Used for laminating, prepregs and molding.

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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Polyetherketone

• Alias PEK (your professors initials!)
• A crystalline, aromatic polyketone used as a
  high-temperature, engineering thermoplastic.
• PEK can be processed on conventional injection
  molding and extrusion equipment.

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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Polyphenylene Sulfide

• High-performance plastic
• Very strong resists very high temperatures
• Melts at 300C
• Expensive
• Used in electrical components of microwaves,
  cars, and hairdryers

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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Polysulfone

• A family of sulfur-containing high performance
  thermoplastics
• high strength
• highest service temperature of all
  melt-processable thermoplastics
• good electrical characteristics
• self-extinguishing properties and resistance to
  greases, many solvents and chemicals.

Troop High-Temperature Thermoplastics
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General Engineering Thermoplastics Will Report

• Originally identified by their ability to replace
  metallic parts in many applications
• Generally have
• High strength and stiffness
• Retention of mechanical properties over wide
  range of temperature
• Withstands environmental factors well

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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Acetal

• A colorless, flammable, volatile liquid used as a
  solvent.
• Good natural lubricity
• Gears
• Friction Bearing Parts

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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Acrylic

• PAN
• Soft and easy to color
• PMMA
• Shows almost no effect from UV degradation after
  years of exposure
• High transparency

Troop Commodity Thermoplastics
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Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

• Alias ABS
• Son of Polystyrene but has two rubber modifiers
  added
• Performance is much tougher
• Good solvent resistance, gloss, weatherability,
  and processibility
• Also a member of engineering thermoplastics

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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Nylon

• Nylons are one of the most common polymers used
  as a fiber
• the very first nylon product was a toothbrush
  with nylon bristles
• Stockings were a huge hit but nylon was soon
  needed for WWII (parachutes and ropes)

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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Polycarbonate

• A noncrystalline, clear plastic
• Very strong, Impact toughness
• Very High Melting Point
• Creep Resistance over wide temperature range
• Shatterproof/bulletproof windows
• lightweight eyeglass lenses

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE

• Alias PPO
• High Performance Polymer
• Biggest Strength resistance to high temperatures
  
• Problem Must process at very high temperatures

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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Polyurethane

• Polyurethanes are the most well known polymers
  used to make foams
• If Behrend would buy you seat with cushions, they
  would be made of polyurethane!
• Polyurethanes are the single most versatile
  family of polymers. Polyurethanes can be
• Elastomers
• Paints
• Fibers
• Adhesives
• Spandex

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE

• Alias SAN
• When used with glass fiber reinforcements, it
  results in composites with good long term
  strength, solvent resistance and appearance.
• SAN can be injection molded.

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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Thermoplastic Elastomers

• Alias TPE
• Rubber-like Material
• High elongation
• Crosslinking!

Troop Engineering Thermoplastics
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General Therm O. Set Will Report

• Thermoset plastic parts are maade from polymeric
  resins that are capable of forming chemical
  crosslinks
• Crosslinking binds the polymer molecules in a
  three-dimensional network resulting in a part
  that cannot be melted

Troop Thermoset
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Alkyd

• The term alkyd was coined from the AL in
  polyhydric ALcohols and the CID (modified to KYD)
  in polybasic aCIDs.
• the term alkyd usually refers to polyesters
  modified with oils or fatty acids.

Troop Thermoset
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Diallyl Phthalate

• Alias DAP
• polymerizes easily
• a clear solid
• used in thermosetting molding powders, casting
  resins and laminates
• Good in high humidity and temperature conditions.
  
• Glass fiber can be reinforced by DAP

Troop Thermoset
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Epoxy

• Three membered ring epoxy group
• Usually the ends of a polymer
• Reaction when mixing with hardener
• Generally more expensive than unsaturated
  polyesters
• Low shrinkage during molding
• Toughness depends on length of chain
• Long are generally tougher

Troop Thermoset
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Melamine Molding Compound

• Hardest surface of any commercial plastic
  material
• Grease and water resistance
• Common brand Formica

Troop Thermoset
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Phenolic, G-P

• can be used as composite materials including
  foams, laminating resins, and molding powders
  (compounded with reinforcements or fillers and
  curing agents).
• Glass fiber reinforced phenolics can be processed
  by compression molding continuous laminating.

Troop Thermoset
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Polyester, Unsaturated

• most widely used in reinforced plastics
• The simplest, most versatile, economical and
  widely used family of resins

Polyethylene Terepthalate Packaging Resins

• Saturated Polyester PET Packaging Resins
• Polyesters can be both plastics and fibers
• Shatterproof plastic bottles disco clothes

Troop Thermoset
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Urea Molding Compound

• Mid-range price
• Good grease resistance, hardness
• Easily colored
• Used for molded bottle caps

Troop Thermoset
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Vinyl Ester

• designed for automotive uses
• heat resistance and toughness
• chemically similar to both unsaturated polyesters
  and epoxy resins
• developed as a compromise between the two
• simplicity and low cost of polyesters
• thermal and mechanical properties of epoxies

Troop Thermoset
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General Recycled Plastic Will Give the Final
Report

• Recycling is the reprocessing of a material that
  has been used and discarded by a consumer and
  that otherwise would be destined for disposal as
  solid waste
• A long and costly process to reprocess into
  useful products
• Amount of materials being recycled continues to
  increase

Troop Recycled Plastic
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In Summary

• Those are your resources. Use them wisely.