Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems of Horses - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems of Horses

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... Horse Health Management Practices Shelter Management Adequate housing Open sheds Stalls (12 x 12 ) Proper ventilation Protect against heat and cold ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems of Horses


1
Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems
of Horses
  • F.C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MS
  • Texas AgriLife Extension Service
  • Texas AM System
  • College Station, Texas

2
Cutaneous (Skin) Problems
  • Rain Gall
  • Fungus (Dermatophilus)
  • Summer Itch
  • Face-neck allergy
  • Gnats (Culicoides, Simulium)
  • Skin Worms (Onchocerca)
  • Mane-tail allergy
  • Gnats (Culicoides)

3
  • Summer Sores
  • Stomach worms (Habronema)
  • Skin wounds
  • Mucous membranes
  • Proud Flesh
  • Wounds (irritation)

4
Rain Gall, Dew Poisoning (Cutaneous
Dermatophilosis, Streptotrichosis)
  • Agent fungus (Dermatophilus)
  • Actinomycete
  • Transmission mechanical
  • Vector stablefly
  • Vehicles instruments

5
  • Season April October (Summer)
  • (rain, hot, high humidity, sweat, dew)
  • Effects Serum Dermatitis
  • Inflammation crusts (paint brushes)
  • Lower legs, thighs, croup, poll
  • (areas sweat, areas wet fly bite)
  • Recovery suppression November March (Winter)
  • (activates annually)

6
  • Diagnosis paint brush lesions
  • Culture
  • Management
  • Dry conditions
  • Bathe (remove lesions)
  • Drying solution

7
Summer Itch (Gnat Allergy)
  • Agent gnats (Culicoides, Simulium) (Eggs,
    larvae, pupae water, mud, decayed vegetation)
  • Season April October (Summer)

8
  • Effects allergic dermatitis
  • Hair loss
  • Inflammation papules, vesicles, pustules,
    scabs
  • Pruritus self trauma
  • Face, neck, chest, armpits, ventral midline,
    flanks

9
  • Ears
  • Mane, tail
  • Reaction to saliva (Hypersensitive Horses)
  • Recovery November March (Winter)
  • (recurs annually)
  • Diagnosis
  • Skin biopsy

10
  • Management
  • Reduce gnat exposure
  • Stall Daylight to 10am
  • 4pm to dark
  • Fans, smoke, screens
  • Skin oil prevents biting, promotes healing
  • (petroleum jelly, glycerin)
  • Insecticides, repellents

11
Summer Itch (Cutaneous Onchocercosis)
  • Agent Onchocerca microfilariae
  • (Adults ligamentous tissues withers, legs,
    spleens nonpathogenic)
  • Vector common gnat (Culicoides)
  • Season April October (Summer)

12
  • Effects allergic dermatitis
  • Hair loss
  • Inflammation papules, vesicles, pustules, scabs
  • Pruritus self trauma
  • Bilateral symmetrical face, neck, chest,
    armpits, ventral midline, flanks
  • Reaction to dead microfilariae in only
    hypersensitive horses (universal infections)

13
  • Recovery November March (Winter)
  • (Recurs annually)
  • Diagnosis
  • Skin biopsy
  • Management
  • Reduce gnat exposure

14
Summer Sores (Cutaneous Habronemiasis)
  • Agent stomach worm larvae (Draschia, Habronema)
  • Adults stomach
  • Vector common housefly, stablefly
  • (Eggs, larvae, pupae manure, stall bedding, hay
    waste, decayed vegetation)
  • Season April October (Summer)

15
  • Effects granulomatous lesions
  • Skin wounds
  • Wet tender irritated skin
  • Conjunctiva, prepuce, penis, vagina
  • Proud flesh hypergranulation of tissue
  • Aberrant larvae irritates tissue
  • Worsens
  • rubbing (pruritus)
  • irritation (flies, gnats, grass, tail)

16
  • Recovery noncomplete healing in winter,
    reinfection in summer
  • Diagnosis
  • Biopsy
  • Management
  • Control flies

17
Digestive Problems
  • Foot founder (Bahia grass)
  • Colic (cold front)
  • Tying-up (oats feed)
  • Chronic diarrhea (low roughage)
  • Foal diarrhea (Strongyloides)

18
  • Stumpsucker (boredom) (low roughage)
  • Cribber (boredom) (low roughage)
  • Bark chewing (hypervitaminosis)
  • Ankle swelling (sodium imbalance)

19
Infectious Disease Problems
  • Sleeping sickness Encephalomyelitis
  • EIA Equine Infectious Anemia
  • Rhinopneumonitis
  • Influenza
  • Lockjaw Tetanus

20
  • Strangles (Streptococcus)
  • Salmonellosis (Salmonella)
  • PHF Potomac Horse Fever (Ehrlichia)
  • EPM Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

21
West Nile Encephalitis
  • In U. S.
  • A reportable disease
  • Viral Bird Disease gt100 Species
  • Blue jays, crows, hawks
  • Encephalitis death

22
  • Transmissions
  • Virus in bird blood
  • Mosquito (gt75 species) bite bird
  • Virus in 1 mosquito salivary glands 10 to 14
    days later
  • Mosquito bite bird - virus in blood (carrier)
  • Mosquito bite mammal virus not in blood (dead
    end)
  • 1 horses and people encephalitis (death or
    recovery)
  • 30 encephalitis horses death (2 wks to 6 mos)
  • 6 encephalitis people death

23
  • Incubation Period
  • 3 to15 Days

24
Horse WNE Rabies Symptoms
  • Virus in brain
  • Stumbling, staggering wobbling
  • Leg weakness falling
  • Difficult rising dog sitting
  • Muscle twitching

25
  • Horse WNE Diagnosis
  • Blood, postmortem brain

26
  • Horse WNE Vaccination
  • Innovator WNE killed vaccine (Ft Dodge)
  • Recombitex WNE recombinant vaccine (Merial)

27
Attack Mosquito Breeding Sites Standing,
Stagnant Water
  • Attack mosquito breeding sites
  • Standing, stagnant water
  • Eliminate junk (cans, jars, buckets, tubs, pots,
    tires)
  • Treat troughs, bird baths, low areas (Bt Mosquito
    Dunks)

28
Swamp Fever (Equine Infectious Anemia) (EIA)
  • Agent virus (Lentivirus)
  • Transmission mechanical
  • Vector horsefly, deerfly
  • Vehicles needles, instruments
  • Season
  • Peracute, acute summer
  • Chronic year around
  • Inapparent year around

29
  • Effects anemia
  • Peracute, acute death
  • Chronic emaciation
  • Inapparent possible fever attacks
  • Recovery
  • Lifetime infections (chronic, inapparent)
  • Diagnosis
  • AGID (Coggins), CELISA serology
  • Management
  • Reportable to TAHC
  • Disposal or quarantine

30
Hereditary Problems
  • HYPP
  • Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
  • (Gene Defect)

31
Horse Health Management Practices
  • Shelter Management
  • Adequate housing
  • Open sheds
  • Stalls (12 x 12)
  • Proper ventilation
  • Protect against heat and cold
  • Adequate exercise

32
  • Environmental Management
  • Prevent overcrowdedness
  • Maintain cleanliness
  • Maintain dryness
  • Utilize composts
  • Stall bedding disposal
  • Manure disposal
  • Hay waste disposal

33
  • Reduce dust
  • Proper ventilation
  • Protect against heat and cold

34
  • Nutritional Management
  • Adequate forages
  • Grass and/or hay
  • Required supplements
  • Concentrates (grains)
  • Protein supplements

35
  • Free choice salt
  • Clean water
  • Proper hay/grain storage
  • Dry and rodent free

36
  • Insect Management (horseflies, deerflies,
    stableflies, houseflies, mosquitos, gnats)
  • Utilize composts
  • Stall bedding disposal
  • Manure disposal
  • Hay waste disposal

37
  • Proper drainage
  • Maintain dryness
  • Routine insecticide applications
  • Premise chemicals (sprays, baits)
  • Animal chemicals (sprays, dusts, repellents)

38
  • Worm Management (strongyles, roundworms,
    pinworms)
  • Prevent overcrowdedness
  • Maintain cleanliness
  • Utilize composts
  • Stall bedding disposal
  • Manure disposal

39
  • Maintain dryness
  • Proper drainage
  • Separate age groups
  • Routine deworming (1 to 12 times per year or
    continuous)

40
  • Infectious Disease Management
  • Avoid exposures
  • Isolate sick
  • Diagnose and treat
  • Diagnose and dispose
  • Quarantine exposed (2 to 8 wks.)
  • Adjacent premise buffer zone
  • Separate needles for injections
  • Disinfect instruments (tattoo, bits, floats,
    twitch)
  • Insect management
  • Rodent management
  • Separate feed-water utensils in travel

41
  • Separate age groups
  • Provide immunizations
  • WNV (1 to 2 times per yr.)
  • VEWT (1 time per yr.)
  • Flu (1 to 6 times per yr.)
  • Rhino respiratory/live (1 to 6 times per yr.)
  • Rhino abortion/killed (5, 7, 9 mo. pregnancy)
  • Strangles high risk (1 time per yr.)

42
  • Care for new entry
  • Prior to entry (3 to 6 wks.)
  • Pre-purchase exam
  • Tests (EIA)
  • Immunizations
  • Deworm
  • After entry (immediately)
  • Post-purchase exam
  • Tests (EIA)
  • Isolate (2 wk. minimum)

43
  • Annual physical examinations
  • Tests (EIA) (1 to 4 times per yr.)
  • Dental care (1 to 2 times per yr.)
  • Foot care (1 to 6 times per yr.)
  • Integrated management practices
  • Shelter
  • Environmental
  • Nutritional
  • Insect
  • Worm
  • Infectious disease

44
  • Identify sources
  • Horses
  • Other animals
  • Environment
  • Vehicles
  • Vectors

45
Normal Vital Signs
  • Respiratory Rate 8 24
  • Heart Rate 36 48
  • RRHR Ratio 14 12
  • Hydration 1
  • Capillary Refill 1
  • Mucous Membrane Color Pink
  • Sweating None Slight
  • Strength Strong
  • Temperature 99 100

46
Stress Vital Signs
  • Respiratory Rate gt40
  • Heart Rate gt72
  • RRHR Ratio 11 21
  • Hydration gt3
  • Capillary Refill gt3
  • Mucous Membrane Color Pale-Blue
  • Sweating Excess
  • Strength Weak
  • Temperature gt105
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