Classification of fibers

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Classification of fibers

• Classification of fibers can be done by
• Type (Natural and manufactured)
• Length (Short staple, long staple, continuous
  filament)
• Size (Ultra fine, fine, regular, course)

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Fiber Classification Natural Fibers

• Animal fibers (made of proteins)
• Wool from sheep, cashmere and mohair from goats,
  angora from rabbits, and hair from alpacas,
  llamas, and camels are commonly used in textiles.
  
• Shimmering (shine) silk from caterpillar (worm)
  cocoons is longer and not as easily shed.
• Triangular structure scatters light like a prism

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Fiber Classification Natural Fibers

• Plant fibers (made of the polymer cellulose)
• Seeds, fruits, stems leaves
• can absorb water
• are insoluble in water
• are very resistant to damage from harsh chemicals
• can only be dissolved by strong acids
• can be common at crime scenes because they become
  brittle over time

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Fiber Classification Natural Fibers

• Plant fibers
• Cotton from seedpods is the plant fiber most
  commonly used in textiles (shown above).
• Can be woven dyed easily
• Coir from coconuts is durable.
• Hemp, jute, and flax from stems grow in bundles.
• Flax is the most common, found in linen
• Manila and sisal from leaves deteriorate more
  quickly.
• Manila is from abaca leaves, related to the
  banana tree

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Cotton

• Cellulosic fiber
• From bolls (seed pods) growing on bushes
• Comfortable
• Soft and durable
• Porous or leaky, cool to wear
• Environmentally friendly cotton can be grown in
  a range of colors

Many cottons are also blended with other natural
fibers, such as linen, for particular properties
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Flax (Linen) (Tisi)

• Worlds oldest textile fiber
• Cellulosic fiber from stem of flax plant
• Stiff, wrinkles (folds) easily
• Absorbent (leaky), cool to wear in heat
• Other uses
• Dish towels
• Tablecloths

Flax is the fiber name linen is the fabric name.
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Fiber Classification Natural Fibers

• Mineral Fibers
• Fiberglass is a fibrous form of glass.
• Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral with a
  crystalline structure.
• Very durable
• Pipe coverings, brake linings, ceiling tiles,
  floor tiles, fire-resistant work clothes,
  shingles, siding, insulation
• When its broken, fibers shatter into tiny
  fragments that become airborne. If inhaled, they
  cut the lungs and scar tissue may become
  cancerous.

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Fiber Classification Synthetic (artificially
produced) Fibers

• Until the nineteenth century only plant and
  animal fibers were used to make clothes and
  textiles.
• Half the products produced today are artificially
  produced.
• Regenerated fibers or Polymers
• Polymers are monomers joined together
• Artificially produced fibers include rayon,
  acetate, nylon, acrylics, and polyesters.

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Fiber Classification Synthetic (artificially
produced) Fibers

• Regenerated Fibers (derived from cellulose)
• Rayon is the most common of this type of fiber.
  It can imitate (duplicate) natural fibers, but it
  is stronger.
• Celenese is cellulose chemically combined with
  acetate and is often found in carpets.
• Polyamide nylon is cellulose combined with three
  acetate units, is breathable, lightweight, and
  used in performance clothing.

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Fiber Classification Synthetic (artificially
produced) Fibers

• Synthetic Polymer Fibers
• Petroleum is the basis for these fibers, and they
  have very different characteristics from other
  fibers.
• Non-cellulose
• Monomers in large vats are joined together to
  form polymers. The fibers produced are spun
  together into yarns.
• They have no internal structures, and under
  magnification they show regular diameters.

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Fiber ClassificationSynthetic (artificially
produced) Fibers

• nylon
• Examples of synthetic polymer fibers
• Polyesterfound in polar fleece,
  wrinkle-resistant, and not easily broken down by
  light or concentrated acid added to natural
  fibers for strength.
• Nyloneasily broken down by light and
  concentrated acid otherwise similar to
  polyester.
• Acrylicinexpensive, tends to ball easily, and
  used as an artificial wool or fur.
• Olefinshigh performance, quick drying, and
  resistant to wear.

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Natural Synthetic Comparison

• Man-made fibers are not damaged by microorganisms
  like natural fibers
• Man-made fibers can deteriorate in bright
  sunlight and melt at a lower temperature than
  natural fibers.

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Comparison of Natural and Synthetic Fibers

• Visual Diagnostics of Some Common Textile Fibers
  
• under Magnification

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