EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

1
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
2

• The earliest foundations of what would become
  computer science predate the invention of the
  modern digital computer.
• Start of modern science (computer science) is
  traced way back to the age when man still dwelled
  in caves or forests and lived in groups for
  protection and survival from harsh conditions.
• Many of these groups of people practiced
  primitive religions worshiping the sun, trees,
  moon, and sacred animals. Man started by
  counting on his fingers. He needed ways to
  measure months and seasons in order to perform
  religious festivals and ceremonies at a correct
  time.

3
REMEMBER!!!

• WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
• The word computer was derived from two Latin
  words com, which means together and
  putare, which may means add, calculate, count,
  or estimate.
• The ABACUS developed in 3000 BC by Chinese
• The abacus was so successful that its use spread
  from China to many other countries. .

4

• Abacus was not an automatic machine, but rather
  a machine that allowed the user to remember his
  or her current state of calculation, while
  performing more complex mathematical
  calculations. Its a memory aid for the user
  making mental calculations and not the
  mathematical calculating machines as we know.

5

• The Abacus uses sliding beads that are divided
  into two by a center bar. The top is Heaven
  where each of two beads is 5 when moved to the
  center bar. The bottom is earth, where each of
  the five beads is worth 1 when moved to the
  center bar.
• HOW ABOUT 4449610
• 1000023
• ILLUSTRATE TO THE CLASS

6
JOHN NAPIER AND THE NAPIER RODS OR BONES (1614)

• John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who
  invented a set of Logarithms for calculations
  that enabled the reduction of difficult and
  tedious multiplication to addition of table
  entries.
• The Napier bones or rods consisted of strips of
  wood with the left edge (vertically) consisting
  of 9 squares (1 to 9). Each square accept the top
  one is diagonally divided. Therefore, the first
  square of each rod holds a single digit and the
  other squares hold this numbers double, triple,
  quadruple and son on until the last square holds
  nine times the number in the top square. The
  digits of each product are written in the two
  halves (triangles) created by the diagonal line
  zero is always on top.

7

• multiply 245 by 3. Of course the product of 245
  by 3 is 735
• HOW COULD NAPIER MULTIPLY THIS BY ADDITION?
• HOMEWORK EXECUTE THE DIVISION BASED ON NAPIER
  BONES.
• REMENBER MULTIPLICATION ADDITION
• DIVISION SUBTRACTION

8
WILLIAM OUGHTRED AND THE SLIDE RULE (1630)

• The SLIDE RULE was invented in ENGLAND by William
  Oughtred and it was based on the emerging work of
  John Napier. It was a ruler shaped or structured
  device operated by sliding a set of transparent
  plastic slides. The scales on the slide rule are
  logarithmic thats to say, the spacing between
  divisions (the lines on the scale) became closer
  together as the value increased.
• The Slide Rule did not indicate decimal places.
  Decimal places where done by the user through
  estimation common Sense. The Slide Rule was
  used by pilots and ships up to the early 1970s
  when it was made obsolete by electronic
  computers.

9
(No Transcript)
10
BLAISE PASCAL AND THE ADDING MACHINE (1642)

• PASCAL BLAISE, a French Engineer invented the
  first commercial calculator and named it the
  ADDING MACHINE (also known as the 1st
  calculator to the world). It was capable of doing
  additions and subtractions of only 8 digits.
• GOTFRIED VON LEIBNITZ created a better calculator
  (known as the LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR) that was
  capable of doing extra tasks of multiplication,
  division as well as evaluating square roots.
• This period can effectively be referred to as the
  MECHANICAL COMPUTER ERA (1624 1890).

11
LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR
12
JOSEPH JACQUARD in 1810

• He constructed a Loom that used a series of
  Punched Cards to control the thread pattern. The
  cards carried weaving instructions for the Loom
  Punched Cards were joined to form an infinite
  loop that represented the repetition pattern used
  for cloth and rug production.

13
HERMAN HOLLERITH 1890

• HERMAN HOLLERITH made further improvements to
  the calculator by producing the TABULATION
  MACHINE.
• History has it that the US 1880 census took 7
  years to tabulate rendering the final result or
  figure obsolete. However Hermans machine counted
  the entire population data in only 6 weeks.
• Based on the success of his invention, Hollerith
  and friends formed a company that later became
  the popular IBM (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE).

14
CHARLES BABBAGE (DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL
ENGINE)

• The concept of today's computers (Input - Process
  - Output) was first visualized by Charles Babbage
  in 1834 in England.
• In less than two years, Babbage had sketched out
  many of the recognizable features of the modern
  computer. He called it the Analytical Engine.
  This machine would be the first computer ever
  capable of storing programmed information. His
  idea for the Analytical Engine consisted of 4
  parts an input device, a storage device, a mill
  (processing unit) and an output device.

15
(No Transcript)
16
COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• History of computer development is often referred
  to in reference to the different generations of
  computing devices.
• A generation means or refers to an improvement in
  the product development process (advancement of
  new computer technology). Each new generation has
  seen a smaller and more advanced circuitry,
  smaller computers, faster speeds, cheaper and
  more efficient and reliable machines.

17
FIRST GENERATION THE ERA OF THE VACUUM TUBES
(1940 1956)

• The first all electronic computers used vacuum
  tubes for the internal circuitry and magnetic
  drums for memory.
• Magnetic Drums were metal cylinders coated with
  non oxide material to store data and programs.
  Magnetic drums are no longer the primary storage
  but peripheral or auxiliary storage devices. The
  drums were rotated at high speed of about 3000
  rpm

18
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

• 1st generation computers used a lot of
  electricity (200kwts)
• Generated a lot of heat which was often the cause
  of malfunction. They had to be cooled down with
  the help of gigantic fans
• Based on machine language to perform operations
• These machines could only solve one problem at a
  time
• They had limited primary memory (as they used
  magnetic drums for memory)
• Used Vacuum tubes for their circuitry (or
  internal operations)
• Used Punched cards for Input and Output
• Very expensive to develop, maintain and purchase

19
EXAMPLE OF 1ST GENERATION COMPUTERS

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
  Computer) is referred to as the worlds first
  digital computer. It weighed 30 tons and used 200
  kilowatts of electricity. This computer consisted
  of 1800 vacuum Tubes, 1500 relays and hundreds of
  resistors and inductors. The ENIAC cost a
  staggering 487000.

20

• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
  Computer) and the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
  Calculator). It was programmed by Grace Hopper.

21
ENIAC
22
EDVAC