25? f???.ppt

1
?25? f??? ?????????
??????Ln(Lanthanides)?
??????An(Actinides)? ??????(n-2)f??,????
???? 25-1 ???? Ln
La?Ce?Pr?Nd?Pm?Sm?Eu?Gd?Tb?Dy?Ho?Er?Tm?Yb?Lu?
Y?Ln??????(RErare earth elements) ?
?????????????? ??????????
2
25-1-1 ??????? ???????
??815??25-1? ??4fn6s2?4fn-15d16s2?
???????????????????????????????????? ?
????? ??901??23-2? ???????
?1-3????????
3
????????????????
????????????????????????????
??????????? ?????????????????????????????
????? ??816??25-3?817??25-1?25-2?
??Eu?(4f76s2)?Yb?(4f146s2)?
??????????????????????????????????
4
La?Lu???????? (187.9-173.5)/141p
m? ????????????????5pm?????????????6pm?
?? ?????????????????????????????
?????? ???????,?????????
????????nsnp,????????(n-1)d??,????????(n-2)f???

5
???????????????????(n-2)fgt(n-1)dgtnsnp?
????????????????????
????????,????????? ????????????????f?ltd?
ltp?? ??????? 1?????????????,?????
2?Y???(?????)?????????(?25-3),?????
6
3?Ln??????????????????(14.4pm),??Ln???????
???,??????B-?B????????????
???????????????????????,????? ???????
???Ln3??????f??,???????????????????????????
????????? ????818??25-4?
7
??????????????? ??????????????
Ln3??????????819??25-4? 25-1-2
???? ??????? ????(???)
La?Ce?Pr?Nd?Pm?Sm?Eu ????(???)
Gd?Tb?Dy?Ho?Er?Tm?Yb?Lu?Y?
8
?? ?????(??)???????(??)?
??? ????????820??25-5?
f?Ln3/Ln???????,???????????????
?????????????????? f?Ln3/Ln2??Ln2?????
??? f?Ln4/Ln3??Ln4????????
??????820??25-6?
9
25-1-3 ?????????? ??????????
1???? ?? 4Ln 3O2
2Ln2O3
2Ln(NO3)3
Ln2O36NO2?3/2O2?
Ln2(CO3)3 Ln2O3 3CO2?
Ln2(C2O4)3 Ln2(CO3)3
3CO Ln2O3 3CO2? 3CO?
10
????????????????? Ln2O3 6H ?
2Ln3 3H2O ????????????? Ln2O3
Ln2(CO3)3?Ln(OH)CO3
??? Ln2O3
Ln2O3nH2O?
2????? ?? Ln3 3OH- ? Ln(OH)3?
?? ????(Ksp??822??25-7)?
11
???????????????,?La(OH)3?Lu(OH)3????(????,
?????)? Yb(OH)3?Lu(OH)3??????,????????????
Na3Ln(OH)6? 3????
??????(??)??????(??)?
LnF3????????,??Ln3????? ???????
?????LnCl36H2O(La?Ce?Pr?NdLnCl37H2O)?
12
????????? LnCl36H2O ? LnOCl 2HCl
5H2O ???822?? ??????
LnCl36H2O?HCl?????? ?Ln2O3 3CCl4 ?
2LnX3 3COCl2(??) Ln2O3 3 COCl2
? 2LnX3 3CO2 4???? Ln2(SO4)38H2O(Ce2(
SO4)39H2O)? ????,??823??
13
??????????? xLn2(SO4)3yM2SO4zH2O
(MK?Na?NH4) x?y?z????????
????????????????? 5???? ??
Ln3??????????? ?????????????????????????
? ????Ln2(C2O4)3nH2O,n????10,??6?7?9?11?
14
????? ??????????????????????????
Ln2(C2O4)3 3C2O42- ? 2Ln(C2O4)33-
?????????(??????)? ????????????
1? ???? ??4??Ce?Pr?Nd?Tb?Dy?
??Ce????????,?????????????
15
??4??????,??????? ? 2PrO2 3H2O ?
2Pr(OH)3 1/2O2? Ce??????????,??????
Ce44OH-?CeO22H2O?(????) CeO22H2O???
CeO22H2O4HNO3?Ce(NO3)44H2O
2CeO22H2O8HCl?2CeCl38H2OCl2?
Ce4????Ce4H2O?CeO22H
Ce4?????(??824?)?
16
2????? ??2??Sm?Eu?Yb?
?????Sm2gtYb2gtEu2? Sm2?Yb2?????????,?
??????? 2Sm24OH-2H2O?H22Sm(OH)3
25-2 ???? 25-2-1 ?????????????
????825?? ??
17
??????? ????(???)?????(???)?
????????????? ??La?Ce?Pr?Nd?Pm?Sm
??(???)Eu?Gd?Tb?Dy ??Ho?Er?Tm?Yb?Lu?Y
25-2-2 ??????? ???????
????????? ??Ce3?Ce4?Ce(OH)4?
18
????????????? ??M3?M2
?????????????????????? ?????????827??
25-2-3 ??????? ????????,???????????
?? a?(n-2)f????????(n-1)d??
b?Ln3????????
19
c??????? ???????????????O?N?
??????(??????) ??????????
???(????)?????,????? ?H?Li?Ln3??
???(????)????????,?????
?Cu?Ag?Au??
20
???(????)?????,????,????(???????)?
?F?O?N?? ???(????)?????,????,????(????
???)? ?I-?CN-?S2-??
??????????????? ???????????????
???????????????????????????????(??????)?
21
Ln3???????(O?N?)???
????????????828-830? 25-2-4
????????????(??) 25-3 ????
AnAc?Th?Pa?U?Np?Pu?Am?Cm?Bk?Cf?Es?Fm?Md?No?Lr?
U????????????(????)? 25-3-1
??????? ??????? ??834??25-9?
22
??5fn7s2?5fn-16d17s2?
???????,???????????????(???5f?6d???????)?
????? ??834??25-9? Th?Am????????
??Th?Am?5f??????, 5f?6d???????????,???????
?? ??????????? ?????
23
??????? ???Ann????f??,?????????????
???????????????????? ??835??25-12?
25-3-2 ???? ???????
???????????? ????????? ??836?
24
25-3-3 ?????? ?????????????
25-3-4 ?????? ??????????????