Absolutism

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Unit 5

• Absolutism
• Enlightenment
• Scientific Revolution
• Democratic Revolutions

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Absolute Monarchs

• Ruled by divine right power from God
• Pros - Increased countrys power economic
  growth efficient, quick decisions
• Cons Costly wars disregard for the people,
  taxes, social inequality, corruption

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Monarchs

• France Bourbon Louis XIV The Sun King
  Letat cest moi (I am the state) palace at
  Versailles
• Spain Phillip II most Catholic king lost
  Spanish Armada to England in 1588
• Russia Romanovs Peter the Great westernized
  Russia windows (ports) men shaved beards
  Catherine the Great
• Prussia Hohenzollerns Frederick the Great
  expanded military
• Austria Hapsburgs Maria Theresa, Joseph II
  expanded Austria, fought Protestants
• England Tudors Henry VIII, Elizabeth I

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Absolutism - Summary

• Achievements weakened the nobles, provided
  strong central government, wealth and power to
  nations, generally furthered growth of nation
  states
• Weaknesses nations welfare depended on one
  person, sacrificed national well-being for
  personal or family interests, led nations into
  costly wars, disregarded the rights of the common
  people
• Enlightenment ideas will challenge absolutism and
  lead to revolutions

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English Revolution (Civil War)

• Stuart family follow popular Tudors
• James I and Charles I
• Divine right, ruled without Parliament
• Parliament issues Petition of Right
• No taxes w/out Parliament
• Cant imprison without charge habeas corpus
• No quartering of troops
• Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) leads Parliament
  (Roundheads) to victory over Stuarts (Cavaliers)
  Charles beheaded!
• Cromwell rules as a dictator hated by many

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England cont.

• Cromwell dies Stuarts return (Restoration)
• Charles II and James II
• Reforms pledges to observe Magna Carta
  Petition of Right Habeas Corpus Act
• James II antagonizes Parliament
• Glorious Revolution - William and Mary become
  king and queen bloodless revolution Bill of
  Rights

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English Civil War Summary

• James I
• Charles I
• War - Cromwell (Parliament) rules
• Charles II
• James II
• A James sandwich ?

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Scientific Intellectual Rev.

• Renaissance spirit
• Questioning leads to scientific achievements
• Use of reason and logic (not medieval
  superstition)
• Scientific method and experimentation
• Ptolemy's (geocentric) theory that planets
  revolve around the earth is disproved
• Copernicus earth revolves around sun
  (heliocentric)
• Kepler laws of planetary motion elliptical
  orbit
• Galileo telescope confirmed Copernicus
• Newton laws of motion and gravity

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Cont.

• Boyle chemistry gases
• Leeuwenhoek microscope discovered previously
  invisible world of bacteria, cells
• Vesalius dissections science of anatomy
• Harvey blood circulation
• Bacon scientific method

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Enlightenment (Intellectual Revolution)

• Based in the Scientific Rev. and Renaissance
• Focus on reason, questioned governments
• Could apply scientific method to real life
• The Philosophes
• John Locke (Two Treatises of Government)
• Natural rights life, liberty, property
• Governments exist through consent of governed
• Government should protect these rights
• If they fail, people can replace government

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Enlightenment cont.

• Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws)
• Separation of powers
• 3 Branches - legislative, executive, judicial
• Checks and balances
• Foundation of U.S. system (Constitution)
• Rousseau (The Social Contract)
• Society agreed to be governed
• Individuals must abide by majority

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Enlightenment cont.

• Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations)
• Natural law should apply to the economy
• People should pursue economic interests
• Government should protect people but leave the
  economy alone
• Laissez faire hands off
• Foundation of capitalism

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Enlightenment

• Voltaire
• Free speech
• Religious equality
• Foundation of U.S. Bill of Rights
• Speech, press, religion, bear arms, jury,
  attorney, etc.

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Enlightenment

• Mary Wollstonecraft feminist criticized men in
  government women should be educated
• If using reason then women should have equal
  rights to men
• Salons elegant rooms where philosophes met,
  discussed, etc.

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American Revolution

• Democratic reforms long part of English history
  (thus the colonists)
• Mercantilism trade with GB for 150 years
  mutually beneficial resources for products
• Salutary Neglect ignored colonists, allowed
  self government
• Many disconnected from England
• 1607 Jamestown 1733 - Georgia
• French Indian War GB gains new territory
  begins to tax and control colonies
• No taxation without representation

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American Revolution cont.

• Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre
• Enlightenment Ideas
• Declaration of Independence (1776) Thomas
  Jefferson
• George Washington in command of Continental Army
• Victory in 1781 new country new govt.

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American Revolution cont.

• Constitution creates framework for govt.
• Based on
• Separation of Powers 3 branches
• Checks and Balances Each branch limits the
  other
• Federalism We live under federal and state
  govt.
• Bill of Rights Added to protect rights

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American Revolution cont.

• Speech, religion, press, assembly, petition, bear
  arms, warrant, speedy trial, confront witnesses,
  no self incrimination, attorney (counsel), jury,
  no double jeopardy, no cruel or unusual punishment

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French Revolution - 1789
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1st Clergy 1 2nd Nobles 2
ESTATES SYSTEM
3rd - 97 Doctors, Lawyers, Bourgeoisie,
Merchants, Peasants Everyone Else!
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French Revolution - Causes

• Estates System
• 1 Clergy
• 2 Nobles
• 3 Everyone else (97)
• Included bourgeoisie (middle class), educated,
  wealthy NOT JUST PEASANTS
• Weak, incompetent king Louis XVI
• Excessive spending on Versailles, American
  Revolution extravagant lifestyle (Marie too)

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French Revolution

• People had no voice in government
• Estates General not used in 175 years
• Inflation
• 1st and 2nd Estates exempt from taxes, military
  service, etc.
• Unemployment
• Poor harvests
• Starvation
• 3rd Estate bore tax burden

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Events

• Louis XVI calls Estates General needed
• 3rd Estate declared themselves National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath wont disband until a
  constitution is created (Am. Rev.)
• Bastille is destroyed
• Revolution begins

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Events

• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette beheaded
• Reign of Terror (radical phase)
• Robespierre executes thousands of enemies of the
  Revolution
• Guillotine

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Events

• Napoleon Bonaparte coup detat
• Economic reforms education Napoleonic Code
  (legal rights) public works makes peace with
  Church (Concordat)
• At war constantly - neighboring monarchs feared
  revolution
• Invaded Russia big mistake (scorched earth)
• Defeated at Waterloo

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Events

• Revolutions in Haiti, Latin America many
  nations revolt against Spain
• Overall leads to new nations, democratic
  governments, constitutions, defeat of monarchs,
  spirit of nationalism

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The Congress of Vienna

• Meetings to restore peace and stability
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, GB, France
• Dominated by Klemens von Metternich (Austria)
• Create a balance of power so no one was a threat
• Restore royal families to the throne
• Legitimacy restore legit monarchs
• Limit the power of France
• Stop the spread of revolutions

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Congress of Vienna

• Concert of Europe each pledged to help one
  another if revolutions broke out
• Conservatives happy return to the old ways
• Liberals (wanted democratic change, revolution,
  etc.) not happy
• Leads to nationalism where countries will demand
  independence, revolution
• Latin America successful
• Europe - unsuccessful