Title: Airport Design
1Airport Design
2Six Stages of Airport Design
3Airport Designs
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5Airport Planning
- Planning horizon
- Airport system planning
- The airport master plan
- The airport layout plan
- Forecasting aviation demand
- Operational activity planning
- Financial plans
- Land use planning
- Environmental planning
6The Airport System
The airport has three distinct functions
- Change of Mode Physical Linkage between the air
vehicle and the ground vehicle - Processing Facilities for ticketing,
documenting and control of passengers and freight - Change of Movement Type Conversion of cargo to
further distributable packages to continue its
journey
7The Airport System in USA
This continued until the Airport and Airway
Development Act of 1970
The AADA 1970 created the National Airport System
Plan
8The Airport System
National Airport System Plan became The
National Plan of Integrated Airport
Systems with The Airport and Airway Improvement
Act of 1982
9The Airport System
The NPIAS is a 10-year plan that is revised every
two years
It does not establish time tables or priorities
10The Airport System
The NPIAS does establish attributes of the
National Airport System in order to meet demand
for air transportation
11The Airport System
Those attributes are
- Airports should be safe and efficient, be located
at optimum sites, and be developed and maintained
to appropriate standards - The system should be extensive, providing as many
people as possible with convenient access to air
transportation
12The Airport System
- Airports should be affordable to both users and
government, relying primarily on user fees and
placing minimal burden on the general revenues of
local, state, and Federal Government - Airports should be flexible and expandable, able
to accommodate increased demand and new aircraft
types - Airports should be permanent, with assurance that
they will remain open for aeronautical use over
the long term
13The Airport System
- Airports should be compatible with surrounding
communities, maintaining balance between the
needs of aviation and the requirements of
residents of neighboring areas - The airport system should help air transportation
contribute to a productive and competitive
national economy
14The Airport System
Characteristics of Airport System Planning
15The Airport System
Airport System Planning is done at the
National State Regional and Local levels
16The Airport System
Federal Aviation Administration State Planning Agency Metropolitan or Regional Agency
Offer technical advice, financial support, and legislative expertise Depends on states legal description of Scope of Work Normally done by MPO, COG, or RPC
Depends on level of involvement Is the basis for entire planning process up to NPIAS
All typically provide leadership throughout planning process
17The Airport System
18The Airport System
Inclusion into the NPIAS requires
- The airport has at least 10 based aircraft
- The airport is at least 30 minutes from the
nearest NPIAS airport - The airport has an eligible sponsor
19The Airport System
Once included in the NPIAS an Airport Sponsor
can apply for Federal Funding For Airport
Improvements
20The Airport System
Federal Funding Break Down
21The Airport System
The NPIAS relates airport improvements to 3
levels of need
Level I Maintain the airport in current
condition Level II Raise airport system to
current design standards Level III Expand the
airport
22The Airport System
NPIAS Airports
Other Airports
Commercial Service Airports
GA Airports
Primary Airports
Other Commercial Service Airports
Reliever Airports
Large Hubs
Medium Hubs
Subject to change
Small Hubs
Non hubs
23AIRPORT SYSTEM PLANNING PROCESS
24Purpose
- Establish viable, balanced, and integrated
airport system - Study system performance
- Airports, heliports, spaceports, and seaplane
bases - Contribute to national transportation system, and
serve - state/local needs
- Understand interrelationship of airports
- Prepare plan to cost-effectively develop
public-use airports and facilities to meet demand
25Purpose
-
- Incorporate aviation into regional/state
comprehensive transportation plan - Provide guidance on maximizing benefits
- of airport investments
- Rationalize Federal priorities with state
- and local objectives
- Provide input into NPIAS and airport master plans
- Inform aviation community, local government, and
general public about pertinent aviation issues
26Planning Stages
Exploration of Aviation Issues in Study Area
Inventory of Current System
Identification of Air Transportation Needs
Inventory of Current System
Exploration of Aviation Issues in Study Area
Identification of Air Transportation Needs
Forecast of System Demand
Forecast of System Demand
Definition of Airport Roles and Policy Strategies
Consideration of Alternative Airport Systems
Consideration of Alternative Airport Systems
Definition of Airport Roles and Policy Strategies
Recommendation of System Changes, Funding
Strategies and Airport Development
Recommendation of System Changes and Airport
Development
Preparation of an Implementation Plan
Preparation of an Implementation Plan
27Plan characteristics
- Goals
- Vary by state, metropolitan area, or region
- Defined by agencys legislative responsibilities
- and authority
- Depend on resources committed to aeronautical
activities - Consistent with economic development,
transportation, land use, and environmental goals - Useable, thoughtful, and practical plan
- End result is identification, preservation, and
enhancement of airport system
28Distinguishing characteristics
-
- Geographic scope - state vs. regional vs.
multi-state - Implementation authority
- State implements with legislation and funding
- MPO influences through leadership, persuasion,
and non-aviation incentives - Airports directly implements recommendations
- Perspective
- State focuses on aviation, overall industry and
user needs - MPO oriented to local aviation-related community
development issues - Airports concentrate on local user needs and
surrounding community concerns
29AGENCY ROLES - FAA
- Advocate/monitor Federal policies, legislative
- requirements, national aviation system needs
- Develop national planning standards
- Provide technical advice
- Approve scope of work, forecasts, and ALP
- Coordinate within FAA and other Federal agencies
- Provide financial assistance
- Incorporate recommendations into NPIAS/ACIP
- Coordinate implementation with state, MPOs,
- airport sponsors, aviation industry, etc.
30AGENCY ROLES State Aviation Agency
- Depends on block grant vs. non-block grant
- Establish continuous system planning
- process
- Determine complexity of process/plan
- Provide leadership and establish goals
- Initiate and manage planning studies
- Advocate states transportation objectives
- Select consultant and administer contracts
- Provide financial support
31AGENCY ROLES Metropolitan/ Regional Planning
Agency
- Based on legislative authority and aviation
expertise - Consult with FAA, state aviation agency, and
local airport to - Determine role in advocating aviation
- Identify critical regional aviation issues
- Discuss types of studies needed
- Manage regional aviation studies
- Complement state aviation studies
- Proponent for aviation enhancement and
preservation - Contact for regional surface access, air quality,
and land-use planning issues
32MULTI-STATE AVIATION SYSTEM PLANNING
- Determine purpose and goals/objectives
- Agree to roles of FAA, states, MPOs, airports
- Adequately develop project scope
- Determine public consultation
- Define current and future airport roles
- Implement agreed upon results
- Update NPIAS and airport CIPs
- Successful effort under New England Regional
Airport System Plan
33INPUT INTO
- NPIAS
- Airport roles, condition and performance
information - Airports of national interest, not identified as
such by FAA - Definition of airport roles
- Adhere to NPIAS categories
- State/MPO expand general aviation definitions
- Master plans and airport CIPs
- Development requirements and funding priorities
consistent with state/regional goals - Policy guidance for improvements to satisfy
airports role - Special studies, i.e. pavement condition or
obstructions - Forecasts to be used as basis
- Estimated timing of and costs for warranted
airport development
34ISSUES TO CONSIDER
- Compatible land use/zoning
- Function of local government, sometimes state
- Recommend regulations and encourage local
communities to protect/preserve airports - Communication with local communities
- during process vital to gathering support
- Airport and air service preservation
- Aid or induce airlines
- Gain community and legislature support
35ISSUES TO CONSIDER
- Inter-modal Transportation Planning
- Aviation viewed as critical element
- Understand role and establish dialogue with
surface transportation agencies - Ground access to airports
- Forecast traffic versus capacity
- Air quality
- Movement of air cargo
- Strategic Planning
- Establish flexible and dynamic process in system
plan or special study - Determine planning agencys goals, projects, and
funding scenarios
36PRODUCTS
- Cost effective action plan developing airports
consistent with goals and objectives - System plan reports
- Interim updates review and reappraisal of
planning documents - Electronic data systems - GIS, eALP, ACIP,
pavement condition surveys, etc. - Special studies
- Innovative planning techniques
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43Airport Capacity and Delay
44Introduction
- Efficient movement of aircraft and passengers
between airport depends on - the demand for service by aircraft operators and
passengers - capacity of the airport on airfield, airside and
landside -
- When air traffic demand exceeds airport capacity,
delays will occur resulting in - cost to air carriers
- Inconvenience to passengers
- Increased workload for the air traffic control
system, airport employees and administrators
45Classification of airports facing capacity
problems
- Airports serving large metropolitan areas
- Populations exceeding 5 million
- Demand exceeds capacity despite the reliever
airports - Examples Chicago, Los Angeles, South Florida,
San Francisco, Washington D.C. and New York City.
46Reasons for delays
- Adverse weather
- Excessive volume (insufficient capacity)
- demand growth gt airport growth
- Runway closures
- Equipment
- Aircraft mechanical issues
- Other
47Definition of capacity
- Capacity Practical maximum number of operations
that a system can serve within a given period of
time. - It is a rate, similar to velocity
- Airport capacity
- Aircraft operating capacity
- Throughput capacity
- Practical capacity
48Airport Capacity as Aircraft operating capacity
- Aircraft operations per hour
- single runway airport 60 operations per hour,
i.e. - airport can serve approximately 60 takeoffs and
landings - Other capacities at an airport
- Passenger processing capacity
- Vehicle capacity
49Airport Capacity as Throughput capacity
- true theoretical definition
- basis for airport capacity planning
- ultimate rate at which aircraft operations may be
handled without regard to - any small delays that might occur as a result of
imperfections in operations - such as the probability that an aircraft will
take longer than necessary to take off - minor random events that might occur
- such as temporary runway closure due to a debris
50Airport Capacity as Practical capacity
- the number of operations that may be actually
accommodated over time with - nominal amount of delay (or maximum acceptable
average delay) - no more than 4 minutes
- FAA defines two measures
- practical hourly capacity
- practical annual capacity
51Capacity of an airfield
- Highly variable
- Depending on factors such as
- utilization and configuration of runways
- type of aircraft operating (speed, size, etc.)
- percentage of takeoff and landing operations
being performed - instrument landing systems
- ambient climatic conditions
- single runway 60-99, 42-53
- FAA regulations prescribing the use of runways
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54Capacity estimation
- Departure capacity capacity of a runway handling
only takeoffs - Runway occupancy time (ROT) amount of time the
aircraft requires to start from an initial
position at the beginning of the runway to the
time it in fact leaves the runway environment
allowing another aircraft to depart - 30 sec lt ROT lt 60 sec, depending on the aircraft
- the shorter an aircrafts ROT, the greater the
capacity
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57Capacity estimation
- Arrival capacity capacity of a runway handling
only landings - affected by
- Approach speed
- Longitudinal separation (3-6 miles)
- fleet mix ( aircraft operations by aircraft
type) - the more distributed the mix, the lower arrival
capacity - Accurately estimating the capacity of a runway is
a challenge!
58Time-space diagram
- two-dimensional graph representing the location
of an arriving or departing aircraft at a given
point in time - Figs. 12.7-10, p.425
59Time-space diagram
60Time-space diagram
61Capacity Determination Methods
- FAA approximation charts
- MI C3D
- hourly capacity
- annual service volume
- Simulation models
- Industry standard analysis tool
- Airport and airspace simulation model (SIMMOD)
- Total airport and airspace modeler (TAAM)
62SIMMOD
- Existing or proposed airport facilities
- Airport operating alternatives
- taxi patterns, runway use, departure queuing
- Existing or proposed airspace structures
- routes, procedures
- Air traffic management/control policies
- Aircraft separation standard parameters
- weather, type, flight state
- Airline operations
- flight schedule, gate use, and service times
- Current and future traffic demand
- volume, aircraft mix, new aircraft types
63SIMMOD output
- evaluating alternatives
- aircraft travel time
- delay
- operating costs
- system capacity
- throughput and traffic loading
64SIMMOD Screenshot
65Delay (capacity, demand)
66Estimating delay
- FAA tables and graphs
- Computer simulation models
- Analytical estimates
- Cumulative arrival diagram (queuing diagram)
- Based on queing theory
67Queuing Diagram
68FAA Data sources for delays
- Air traffic operations network system (OPSNET)
- Records of aircraft delayed for 15 min or more
- Delays due to air traffic problems
- Weather
- Terminal
- Volume closed runways
- Closed taxiways
- Consolidated operations and Delay Analysis System
(CODAS) - For US domestic flights
- Gate-out, wheels off, wheels on, gate in data
69Approaches to reduce delay
- Increase system capacity
- Additional runways
- Terminal facilities
- Ground access roads,
- Provision of technology and policies to increase
efficiency - Manage system demand
- Change the behavior of system users
70Demand management
- Objective To ease congestion by diverting some
traffic to different time and places - Restriction of airport access by aircraft type or
use - Establishment of quotas on number of operations
and passenger enplanements - By reservation system
- Negotiation , auction
- Administrative determination
- Redistributing traffic from busy airports to
underused airports - Increased landing fee, peak-hour surcharge