Diabetes mellitus

1
Diabetes mellitus long term complications

• Hyperglycaemia leads to
• Glycosylation
• Neuropathy
• Nephropathy
• Cardio vascular disease
• Hypertension
• Impotence
• Dementia
• Yeast infections
• Immune system problems

2
Diabetes Mellitus

• Glucose metabolism
• Lipid metabolism problems
• Hypertension
• Cardiovascular disease
• Obesity

3
Diabetes Mellitus

• The common soil theory
• - Atherosclerosis
• - Type II Diabetes
• - Obesity
• Low level chronic inflammation is a common
  feature

4
HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS

• Micromols/litre
• 6.9 or below good
• 7-9.9 mild
• 10-12.9 moderate
• 13-20 high
• Over 20 very high risk

5
Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load Scores

• Low-GI
• Foods with a number of 55 or below
• Low GL
• 0-10
• Medium GI
• Foods with a number of between 56 and 69
• Medium GL
• 11-19
• High GI
• Foods with a number of 70 and above
• High GL
• 20 or higher

6
GLYCAEMIC INDEX AND GLYCAEMIC LOAD OF SELECTED
FOODS

• FOOD GI WEIGHT GL
• (GRS)
• Apple, raw 28 120 4
• Apricots dried 30 60 8
• Banana (raw) 46 120 12
• Cherries (raw) 22 120 3
• Grapefruit (raw) 25 120 3
• Kiwi (raw) 51 120 7
• Mango (ripe) 60 120 9
• Oranges 31 120 3
• Peaches (raw) 28 120 4
• Pears (raw) 33 120 4
• Pineapple (raw) 51 120 8
• Strawberries (raw) 40 120 1
• Blackeye beans 50 150 15
• Butter beans (boiled) 28 150 5
• Chickpeas (boiled) 31 150 9
• Haricot beans (boiled) 30 50 9
• Kidney beans (boiled) 42 150 10

7
Diabetes Mellitus

• DIETARY GUIDELINES
• Low in saturated fats
• Fish is acceptable
• High in pulses and vegetables
• Low in sodium/high in potassium
• High in fibre
• No stimulants (tea, coffee, alcohol)
• Include garlic and onions
• High in flavonoids eg green tea, berries, grapes,
  kale, cherries, red cabbage, broccoli, radishes,
  apples, tomatoes, leeks, endive, green tea

8
Diabetes Mellitus

• Most frequently prescribed drugs
• Sulphonylureas
• Metformin
• Glitazones
• Meal time glucose regulators
• Acarbose