Egypt

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Egypt

• World History Core

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Geography/Interaction with the Environment

• Location
• West of the Fertile Crescent
• Africa
• Along the Nile River
• Nile
• Floods yearly
• Flows NORTH (due to the elevation of the
  highlands in Eastern Africa to the Mediterranean
  Sea)
• Longest river (4100 miles)

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Geography/Interaction with the Environment

• Gift of the Nile
• 5th c. Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt
• Predictable Floods
• Snows melted in highland which led to the water
  flooding the Nile River region (every year around
  the same time)
• Too Much WATER ruin homes and granaries
• Not Enough WATER poor crops and starvation

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Geography/Interaction with the Environment

• Deserts isolate and protect
• Small area of arable land
• Also provides protection from invaders
• Upper and Lower Egypt

SOUTH Higher Elevation
NORTH Lower Elevation
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Geography/Interaction with the Environment

• Delta
• 100 miles from the Mediterranean Sea
• Broad, marshy, ? area of land formed by deposits
  of silt at the mouth of a river

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Power and Authority

• Narmer
• United Upper and Lower Egypt
• Combined the crowns of each to make one unified
  crown
• Pharaohs
• God-King
• Most powerful being
• Theocracy
• Government based on religious authority

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Power and Authority

• Social Classes

Kings, Queens, Royal Family
Upper Class landowners, govt officials, priest,
commanders
Middle Class merchants, artisans
Lower Class peasants and laborers
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Power and Authority

• Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
• Old
• 2660 2180 BC
• Middle
• 2040 1640 BC
• New
• 1570 1075 BC

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Religious and Ethnical Systems

• Polytheistic
• Belief in more than one God
• Re
• Sun God
• Osiris
• God of the Dead
• Isis
• Goddess, represents ideal mother and wife

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Religious and Ethnical Systems

• Ka
• Eternal life force
• Afterlife
• A continuing life after death
• Anubis God and guide of underworld
• Judged deeds of people after they died
• Weighed the heart, it had to be no heavier than a
  feather to pass through the gates

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Religious and Ethnical Systems

• Mummification
• A method of preserving bodies
• Embalming/drying of corpus
• Prevents decaying
• Book of the Dead
• Scrolls of hymns/prayers for the afterlife to
  help guide the soul after death
• Pyramids
• Elaborate tombs
• Filled with items people would need for afterlife
• Made of granite and limestone
• Each stone 2.5 tons

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Religious and Ethnical Systems

• King Tut
• Tutankhamen
• New Kingdom Pharaoh
• Reign began at the age of 9
• Made transition from Aten (monotheistic religion)
  back to original, polytheistic religion
• One of the only intact tombs in the Valley of the
  Kings

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Cultural Interaction/Economics/Empire Building

• Old Kingdom
• Led by pharaohs, 2660 2180 BC
• Limited Trade due to geography
• Middle Kingdom
• 2040 1640 BC
• Canal built canal from Nile to Red Sea
• Gave way to trade and transportation
• Hyksos
• Rulers from a Foreign LandPalestine
• Ruled Egypt from 1630 1075 BC

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Cultural Interaction/Economics/Empire Building

• New Kingdom
• 1570 1075 BC
• GOAL strengthen empire
• Hatshepsut
• Woman pharaoh
• Encourage trade instead of war
• Thutmose III
• Son of Hatshepsut
• Eastward expansion to Palestine and Syria
• Ramses II
• Defended kingdom from Hittites
• Hittites from Palestine and Syria, Egypt had
  expanded to their area bringing them to Egypt

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Revolution

• Amenhotep becomes Ikhnaton
• Changes name to Ikhnaton
• Tries to get Egypt to worship Aten (sun) only
  making Egypt monothestic
• Hatshepsut becomes first female Pharaoh
• Husband dies and his son is not worthy for throne
  because his mother was a lesser
• Hatshepsut took over as Queen

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Science and Technology

• Hieroglyphics
• Picture form of writing
• Rosetta Stone
• Papyrus
• Reeds split and placed close together, wet and
  dried together
• Calendar
• Track flooding and planting
• 365 days/12 months/30 days each/5 feast days

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Science and Technology

• Mathematics
• system developed for tax and geometry purposes
• Architecture
• Sphinx
• Old Kingdom, located in Giza
• Considered guardians
• ½ human ½ lion
• Valley of the Kings
• New Kingdom Pharaoh tombs
• Medicine
• Discovered pulse
• Set bones
• Surgery