The Nature of Nursing

1
The Nature of Nursing

• Unit one

2
Historical Perspective

• Theory of Animism
• Belief that good and evil spirits bring health or
  illness
• Physician as medicine man
• Nurse portrayed as mother caring for family
  (nurturing role)

3
Historical Perspective/ Beginning of Civilization

• Belief that illness is caused by sin and gods
  displeasure
• Temples were centers of medical care
• Priest as physician
• Nurse viewed as slave carrying out menial tasks
  ordered by priests

4
Historical Perspective/ 16th Century

• Focus on religion replaced by focus on warfare
• Exploration and expansion of knowledge
• Shortage of nurses criminals recruited
• Nursing considered disreputable

5
Historical Perspective/ 18th 19th Century

• Hospital schools organized
• Female nurses under control of male hospital
  administrators and physicians
• Male dominance of health care
• Nursing becomes respected occupation
• Modern methods in nursing education founded

6
Historical Perspective/ World War II

• Explosion of knowledge in medicine and technology
• Efforts to upgrade nursing education
• Women more assertive and independent

7
Historical Perspective/ 1950s to Present

• Varied healthcare settings developed
• Nursing broadened in all areas
• Growth of nursing as a profession

8
Nursing Leaders

• Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910)
• Believed nursing is separate and distinct from
  medicine
• Recognized nutrition as important to health
• Instituted occupational and recreational therapy
  for sick people
• Stressed the need for continuing education for
  nurses
• Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing
  research

9
Nursing Leaders

• Identified personal needs of patient and role of
  nurse in meeting them
• Established Standards for hospital management
• Established nursing education and respected
  occupation for women
• Recognized two components of nursing health and
  illness

10
Nursing Leaders

• Clara Barton (1812-1956)
• She was schoolteacher who volunteered as nurse
  during American civil war.
• Barton is noted for her role in establishing the
  American Red Cross.

11
Nursing Leaders

• Lillian wald (1867-1940)
• Is considered the founder of public health
  nursing.
• She offer trained nursing services to the poor.
• Liviana dock (1858-1956)
• Her campaigned for legislation to allow nurses
  rather than physicians to control their
  profession.

12
Definitions of Nursing

• There are many definitions of nursing.
• Florence Nightingale defined nursing as the act
  of utilizing the environment of the patient to
  assist him in his recovery.

13
Definitions of Nursing

• ANA definition nursing is the diagnosis and
  treatment of human response to actual and
  potential health problems.

14
Definitions of Nursing

• Nursing is caring.
• Nursing is science and art.
• Nursing is holistic.
• Nursing is adaptive.
• Nursing is client centered

15
Recipients of nursing

• Consumer is an individual, a group of people, or
  a community that uses a service.
• Patient is a person who is waiting for or
  undergoing medical treatment and care.

16
Recipients of nursing

• Client is a person who engages the advice or
  services of another who is qualified to provide
  this service.

17
Scope of Nursing

• Nurses provide care for three types of clients
• Individuals.
• Families.
• Communities.

18
Scope of Nursing

• Nursing Practice involves four areas
• Promoting health and wellness.
• Preventing illness.
• Restoring health.
• Care of the dying.

19
Health promotion

• Is increase peoples wellbeing and health
  potential.
• factors effects on health or illness Genetics,
  educational level and development level.
• Examples
• Reduce over weight.
• Stop cigarette smoking.
• Improving nutrition and physical fitness.
• Preventing drug misuse.

20
Prevent illness

• Maintain optimum health by preventing disease.
• Examples
• Educational program (smoking, prenatal care).
• Immunization.

21
Restoring health

• Focus of individual with illnesses and range from
  early detection to rehabilitation and teaching
  during recovery.
• Example
• Direct care ( treatment, medication)
• Performing diagnostic measurement
• ( Blood pressure, blood glucose)

22
Setting for Nursing

• In the past, the acute care hospital was the only
  practice setting.
• Today nurses works in hospitals, clients home,
  community agencies, education settings, schools,
  mental health..etc.

23
Roles and Functions of the Nurses

1. Caregiver assist client physically and
   psychologically.
2. Communicator support the client through health
   team and support people in community.
3. Teacher.
4. Client advocate protect patient right.
5. Leader.
6. Manager.

24
Professionalization

• Profession an occupation that requires extensive
  education, special knowledge, skill, and
  preparation.
• Professionalization is the process of becoming
  professional.

25
Criteria of a Profession

1. Specialized education.
2. Body of knowledge.
3. Ongoing research.
4. Code of ethics.
5. Autonomy is a state of independent and self
   directed with out any control from out side.
6. Professional organization.

26
Nursing Organizations

1. American Nurses Association (ANA)
2. Canadian Nurses Association (CAN)
3. National league for Nursing (NLN)
4. International Council of Nurses (ICN)

27
Types of Nursing Educational Programs

• Diploma programs.
• Community College/associate Degree.
• Baccalaureate Degree Program.
• Graduated Nursing Education (Masters Doctoral
  Programs)

28
Metaparadigm of Nursing

1. Client.
2. Environment.
3. Health.
4. Nursing.

29
Definitions

• Health a state of complete physical, social,
  mental, spiritual wellbeing not merely absence of
  disease or infirmity.
• illness any disturbance of body organs function.
  

30
Illness wellness continuum

• Is one way to measure a person level of health,
  this model view health as constantly change state
  with high level of wellness and death. The person
  with chronic illness can attain high level of
  wellness if he successful in meeting his health
  potential within the limit of his chronic illness.

31
The End