The Great Depression

1
The Great DepressionThe Rise of Totalitarianism

• Unit 9 Notes

2
Unit 9 Key Terms (p. 201-216)

• recession
• depression
• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• New Deal
• inflation
• Nazi Party
• totalitarian state
• censorship
• fascism
• Black Shirts
• Munich Conference

• Mein Kampf
• communism
• Enabling Act
• anti-Semitism
• Five-Year Plans
• collectivization
• Adolf Hitler
• Joseph Stalin
• Benito Mussolini
• Hideki Tojo
• Axis Alliance

3
Great Depression Pre-Test

1. The stock market crash marked the beginning of
   the Great Depression.
2. Historians and economists agree on the main
   causes of the Great Depression.
3. The United States was the only nation in the
   1930s that had severe economic troubles.
4. President Hoover made many efforts to end the
   Great Depression.
5. Franklin D. Roosevelt inspired confidence in
   Americans with his proposal for the New Deal.

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Great Depression Pre-Test

1. All U. S. citizens showed full support for the
   New Deal to end the Depression.
2. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt encouraged President
   Roosevelt to develop a second New Deal.
3. The New Deal had no effect on labor and
   employment in the United States.
4. The New Deal plan included efforts to conserve
   and protect natural resources.
5. The Great Depression caused a complete halt in
   the active cultural life of the Roaring Twenties.

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From Boom to Bust

• following World War I, Americas economy was
  booming
• the United States loaned European nations money
  to rebuild after the war
• the United States produced most of the worlds
  manufactured goods
• investment in the stock market increased but
  many investors did so with borrowed money
• Black days and the stock market crash

6
A Worldwide Depression

• the depression in Europe began sooner and lasted
  longer than it did in the United States
• there was no coordination between countries and
  most countries turned inward
• one common theme was a nationalist response based
  on self-interest (a line of thinking that says
  its only about me)

7
The Great Depression in Germany

• the depression provided the opportunity for
  radical groups to participate in the political
  process
• the Nazi Party used the depression to gain
  popularity
• Adolf Hitler took advantage of economic anxiety,
  political discontent and the democratic
  government of Germany

8
The Great Depression in Germany

• in 1933, Hitler was appointed (not elected)
  Chancellor and used his position to eliminate
  opponents and establish totalitarian control
• Hitler repeatedly denounced the Treaty of
  Versailles and the public (who also hated it)
  supported him

9
The Great Depression in America

• following the stock market crash of 1929,
  Americans grew discontented with President
  Herbert Hoover and elected Franklin D. Roosevelt
  (FDR) in 1932
• FDR passed several government programs focused on
  relief and reform called the New Deal
• these programs greatly enhanced the national
  governments role in the economy and in the lives
  of individuals
• for the first time in American history, direct
  relief from the government was a significant part
  of everyday life

10
Totalitarianism
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Forms of Totalitarianism

• fascism radical racial nationalism that calls
  for an all-powerful dictator supported by the
  military (Mussolini, Hitler)
• communism radical socialism in which the
  government controls production, owns all
  property, and controls all social activity
  (Stalin)
• militarism system of government in which a
  nation puts its military above all else and uses
  it to achieve national goals (Tojo)

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Fascism in Italy

• Italy was not happy with the Treaty of Versailles
  they wanted a large amount of land
• democratic government blamed for economic
  problems
• Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in
  1919
• his supporters, the Black Shirts, attacked his
  opponents
• Mussolini became Prime Minister in 1922 and would
  begin to build a totalitarian state
• he became Il Duce (The Leader) and used secret
  police and censorship to maintain power

13
Nazism in Germany

• Germany was devastated by World War I and furious
  with the Treaty of Versailles
• many blamed the Weimar Republic, the democratic
  government of Germany, for the economic
  depression as well as for the Treaty of
  Versailles
• Adolf Hitler was a member of the National
  Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi Party a
  fascist group who opposed the Weimar Republic
• the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government
  in 1923 Hitler ended up in jail where he wrote
  Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

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Nazism in Germany

• in Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that Germans, or
  Aryans as he called them, were the master race
• he also detailed his goals of uniting all German
  speaking people, regaining territory, and
  eliminating the Jews
• by 1932, the Nazis were the largest political
  party in Germany
• in 1933, German president Paul von Hindenburg was
  pressured into appointing Hitler to the position
  of chancellor
• also in 1933, Hitler passed the Enabling Act
  which gave him dictatorial powers

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Nazism in Germany

• Hitler became known as der Führer (The Leader)
• he focused on remilitarizing Germany (in
  violation of the Treaty of Versailles)
• he created a totalitarian state through the
  Gestapo (secret police), outlawing opposition to
  the Nazis, propaganda, and controlling the economy

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Militarism in Japan

• Japan lost large amounts of income during the
  Great Depression
• it also experienced bad harvests at home
• military leaders suggested expansionism as a
  solution
• Japan invaded Manchuria (China) in 1931
• the League of Nations voiced disapproval but did
  nothing and Japan withdrew from the league
• Japan attacked the rest of China in 1937

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Stalinism in the USSR

• Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union in
  1928 after being general secretary of the
  Communist Party
• Stalin exiled his biggest rival, Leon Trotsky, in
  1929
• he rapidly industrialized the country
• he used the secret police to monitor nearly
  everything and he censored all sources of
  information to maintain power

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Stalinism in the USSR

• during the Great Purge, Stalin removed political
  opponents (some even from his own party) and had
  them imprisoned or executed
• he implemented a command economy where the
  government made all decisions
• his Five-Year Plans sought to transform the
  economy from agricultural to industrial as
  quickly as possible
• industrialization came rapidly but there were
  shortages of consumer goods

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Stalinism in the USSR

• Stalin also forced the collectivization of farms
  (combined small privately owned farms into huge
  government owned farms)
• those who resisted collectivization were
  imprisoned or executed
• also in retaliation, Stalin caused forced
  starvations in which millions died
• under Stalin, people had no political rights

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Reactions to Totalitarianism

• Italian, Japanese, and German aggression led to
  World War II
• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935
• Germany remilitarized and occupied the Rhineland
• Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the Axis
  Alliance in 1936
• Germany and Italy helped fascist Francisco Franco
  come to power in Spain in 1936

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Reactions to Totalitarianism

• the U.S. declared itself neutral and refused to
  send money or weapons to anyone involved in war
• France and Great Britain hoped the policy of
  appeasement (giving in to the reasonable
  demands of an unhappy nation to avoid war) would
  work
• Hitler annexed Austria in 1938
• Hitler demanded the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
  in 1938 and it was given to him
• he would later take all of Czechoslovakia and
  Italy would invade Albania

22
Reactions to Totalitarianism

• despite all of the violations of the Treaty of
  Versailles, the League of Nations did nothing to
  stop totalitarian aggression
• France and Great Britain finally abandoned
  appeasement in September 1939 when Hitler invaded
  Poland and started World War II