LEARNING AREA 3

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LEARNING AREA 3 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND
COMMUNICATIONS
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Topic 3.1 - Basic Concepts of Networks and
Communications
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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.1 Define computer networks.
• A SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER AND
  PERIPHERAL
• DEVICE. INTERCONNECTED COMPUTING DEVICE CAN
• COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER THROUGH DEFINED RULES
• OF DATA COMMUNICATING USING HARDWARE AND
  SOFTWARE.
• MAY OPERATE ON WIRED OR WIRELESS CONNECTION.
• SYSTEM YANG MENYAMBUNGKAN PC DENGAN PERANTI
  LUARAN
• PERANTI PENYAMBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI BOLEH
  BERINTERAKSI
• ANTARA SATU SAMA LAIN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
  PERKAKASAN
• DAN PERISIAN YANG TELAH DITETAPKAN CARA DAN
  PERATURANNYA
• BOLEH BEROPERASI SAMADA SECARA WAYAR ATAU TANPA
  WAYAR

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.2 Define communications.
• IS ABOUT TRANFER OF INFORMATION FROM SENDER
  (CLIENT) TO A
• RECEIVER(PRINTER). USING AN ELECTRICITY , RADIO
  WAVE OR LIGHT .
• THE INFORMATION CAN BE TEXT , VIDEO, GRAPHICS,
  IMAGE OR COMBINATION
• OF ALL THESE. TRANSMIT INFORMATION OR DATA USING
  2 SIGNAL NAMELY BY
• ANALOG AND DIGITAL.
• ADALAH BERKENAAN MENGHANTAR MAKLUMAT ATAU DATA
  DARIPADA
• PENGHANTAR KEPADA PENERIMA. IA MENGGUNAKAN
  ELEKTRIK, GELOMBANG
• RADIO ATAU CAHAYA. MAKLUMAT ATAU DATA BOLEH
  BERUPA TEKS, VIDEO,
• GRAFIK, IMEJ ATAU KOMBINASI KESEMUANYA.
  PENGHANTARAN DATA
• MENGGUNAKAN 2 JENIS SIGNAL IAITU ANALOG DAN
  DIGITAL.

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.3 State the importance of computer networks
  and communications.
• E- BUSINESS SELL AND CONDUCT
  ONLINE SHOPPING THROUGH
• 
  NETWORK
• ONLINE EDUCATION - SHARE KNOWLEDGE, SEARCH FOR
  
  INFORMATION AND JOIN ONLINE DISCUSSION
• E- BANKING - PAYBILLS, ACCOUNT
  BALANCES, TRANSFER MONEY
• LONG DISTANCE
• COMMNUCATION - CAN BE FASTER, EASIER AND
  SAVE COST
• E- PERNIAGAAN - JUALAN DAN BELIAN MELALUI
  ATAS TALIAN
• PEMBELAJARAN ATAS
• TALIAN - KONGSI MAKLUMAT DAN PENGETAHUAN,
  PERBINCANGAN, DAPATAN MAKLUMAT DSBGNYA
• E-PERBANKAN - BAYARAN BILLS, KELUAR MASUK WANG,
  SEMAK
• BAKI WANG
  DSBGNYA
• KOMUNIKASI JARAK
• JAUH - LEBIH CEPAT, MUDAH DAN JIMAT KOS

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.3 State the importance of computer networks
  and communications.

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.4 Define types of computer networks
• LAN, MAN and WAN.
• LAN - (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)COVER SMALLL REGION OF
• SPACE, TYPICALLY A SINGLE BULIDING
• DALAM LINGKUNGAN KAWASAN YANG KECIL
  SEPERTI DALAM MAKMAL PC
• MAN - METROPLITAN AREA NETWORK. COLLECTION OF
  LANS WITH THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA FOR
  INSTANCE A CITY
• KOLEKSI KEPADA LANS TETAPI DALAM KAWASAN
  GEORAFI YANG BESAR SEPERI BANDAR.
• WAN - WIDE AREA NETWORKCAN BE COLLECTION OF
  LANS AND MANS OR THE MIX WITH A VERY LARGE
  GEOGRAPHICAL
• AREA
• MERUPAKAN KOLEKSI KEPADA LANS DAN MANS ATAU
  KEDUA- DUANYA TETAPI DALAM GEOGRAFI YANG SANGAT
  BESAR IAITU SATU DUNIA

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.4 Define types of computer networks
• LAN, MAN and WAN.

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.5 Differentiate between the three types of
  computer networks.
• 1. COST / KOS
• LAN - LOW / RENDAH
• MAN - HIGH / TINGGI
• WAN - HIGHER / SANGAT TINGGI
• 2. SIZE / SAIZ
• LAN - LIMITED (SCHOOL LAB) / TERHAD (MAKMAL
  SEKOLAH)
• MAN COVER LIKE CITY OF KL / MERANGKUMI SEBUAH
  BANDAR SEPERTI KL
• WAN VERY LARGEST ARE(WHOLE WORLD)/ KAWASAN SGT
  BESAR (DUNIA)
• 3. SPEED / KELAJUAN
• LAN - FASTEST / SANGAT CEPAT KERANA KAWASAN
  KECIL
• MAN - SLOWER / PERLAHAN KERANA BYK
  PERTUKARANSUMBER BERLAKU
• WAN - SLOWEST / BERKAITAN DENGAN JARAK DAN
  KAWASAN YG SGT BESAR
• 4. NUMBER OF COMPUTER / JUMLAH KOMPUTER
• LAN - SMALLEST / KECIL
• MAN - LARGER / BESAR

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.6 Define two types of network architecture
  
• Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer
• CLIENT/SERVER
• CLIENT COMPUTER WHICH REQUEST SERVICES OR
  FILES FROM SERVER
• SERVER - COMPUTER THAT SHARED INFORMATION AND
  RESOURCES WITH OTHER COMPUTERS ON A
  NETWORKSUITABLE FOR 10 OR MORE PC. USE TWISTED
  PAIR OR COAXIAL CABLE, IF LARGE USE FIBRE OPTIC.
  PROVIDE A CENTRALIZED STORAGE ARE FOR PROGRAM ,
  DATA AND INFORMATION
• CLIENT/SERVER
• CLIENT PC YANG MEMINTA PERKHIDMATAN DARIPADA
  SERVER
• SERVER - PC YANG MEMBERIKAN MAKLUMAT DAN DATA
  KEPADA RANGKAIAN PC YANG DIKAWALNYA. SESUAI
  UNTUK 10 ATAU LEBIH PC
• MENGGUNAKAN KABLE TWISTED PAIR ATAU COAXIAL
  CABLE,
• JIKA BESAR IA MENGGUNAKAN KABEL FIBRE OPTIC.
• ADA KAWALAN BERPUSAT BAGI MAKLUMAT , DATA DAN
  PROGRAM

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.6 Define two types of network architecture
  Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer
• PEER-TO-PEER.
• ALSO KNOWN AS P2P NETWORKNETWORK WITH ALL THE
  NODES ACTING AS
• BOTH SERVER AND CLIENTSFILES LOCATED ON ANAOTHER
  PC AND CAN
• ALSO PROVIDES FILE TO OTHER PCSUSUALLY USE
  TWISTED PAIR OR
• COAXIAL CABLE BECAUSE ITS CHEAPER AND EASIERBEST
  CHOICE FOR
• NETWORK PC LESS THAN 10 EXAMPLE WIRELESS
  NETWORKING
• PEER-TO-PEER .
• JUGA DIKENALI SEBAGAI RANGKAIAN P2P. KESEMUA PC
  BOLEH BERTINDAK
• SEBAGAI CLIENT AND SERVER. DATA DAN MAKLUMAT
  BERTERABUR.
• BIASANYA MENGGUNAKAN KABEL TWISTED PAIR ATAU
  KABEL COAXIAL
• CABLE KERANA IA MUDAH DAN MURAH. SESUAI UNTUK
  RANGKAIAN PC YANG
• KURANG DARIPADA 10 .CONTOH RANGKAIAN TANPA WAYAR

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.7 State three types of network topologies
  Bus, ring and star.

STAR TOPOLOGY
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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.8 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF
  NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• 1. DESCRIPTION / PERNYATAAN
• BUS - FOUND IN LANSOMETIMES HAVE MORE THAN ONE
  SERVER AND SOMETIMES DO NOT NEED SERVER
• ADA DALAM LAN.KADANGKALA ADA LEBIH SERVER DAN
  KADANG KALA TIADA LANGSUNG
• RING - FOUND IN LAN. SERVER MAY EXIST BUT NOT
  CONNECT TO ALL NODES IN THE NETWORK
• ADA DALAM LAN. SERVER BOLEH ADA TETAPI TIDAK
  SEMUA BERHUBUNG DENGANNYA DALAM RANGKAIAN
• STAR - FOUND IN LAN. MUST HAVE A HOST THAT CAN BE
  SERVER, HUB OR ROUTER
• ADA DALAM LANMESTI ADA HOST YANG BOLEH JADI
  MENGGUNAKAN SERVER, HUB ATAU ROUTER
• 2. DEPENDENCE / KEBERGANTUNGAN
• BUS - IF ONE NODES FAIL, ITS NOT EFFECT NETWORK
• SATU PC GAGAL , TIDAK MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
• RING - IF ONE NODE FAIL, THE NETWORK WILL FAIL
  TO FUNCTION
• SATU PC GAGAL, MENGGANGGU SELURUH RANGKAIAN
• STAR - IF ONE FAIL, NETWORK CAN STILL FUNCTION
  AS LONG THE HOST STILL WORKING, IF THE HOST NOT
  WORKING NETWORK WILL FAIL TO FUNCTION
• SATU PC GAGAL, RANGKAIAN MASIH BERJALAN, TETAPI
  JIKA HOST GAGAL, MAKA SELURUH RANGKAIAN AKAN
  GAGAL DAN TERGANGGU

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.8 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF
  NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• 3. ADVANTAGES / KELEBIHAN
• BUS - EASY IMPLEMENTATION
• FAILURE OF NODES DOESNYT EFFECT THE ENTIRE LAN
• NO DISRUPTION TO THE NETWORK WHEN CONNECTING OR
  REMOVING DEVICE
• MUDAH DIURUS
• KEGAGALAN SATU PC TIDAK MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
• TIADA GANGGUAN JIKA MEMBUAT HUBUNGAN ATAU
  MENGGANTI PERANTI
• RING - TROUBLESHOOTING IS EASY WHEN ONE OF THE
  NODES FAILS
• REPAIR OR REMOVING NODES, THE NETWORK STLL
  FUNCTIONING
• MUDAH UNTUK MEMBETULKAN RANGKAIAN
• MEMBETUL DAN MENGGANTI PERANTI, RANGKAIAN MASIH
  BERJALAN
• STAR - EASY IMPLEMENTATION FAILURE OF NODES
  DOESNYT EFFECT THE ENTIRE LAN
• NO DISRUPTION TO THE NETWORK WHEN CONNECTING OR
  REMOVING DEVICE
• TROUBLESHOOTING IS EASY WHEN THE HOST FAILS.
  SIMPLY REPAIR OR REPLACE THE HOST
• MUDAH DIURUS

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.8 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF
  NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• 4. DISADVANTAGE / KEKURANGAN
• BUS - IF THE BACKBONE(WIRED) FAILS , ENTIRE
  NETWORK WILL EXTENDED
• NETWORK SPEED DICREASE WHEN NUMBER OF PC
  INCREASE
• DIFFICULT TROUBLESHOOTING WHEN ONE NODES FAILS
• JIKA KABEL ROSAK, MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
• KELAJUAN BERKURANG JIKA PC BERTAMBAH
• SUKAR BUAT PEMBAIKAN JIKA SATU PC BERMASALAH
• RING - DIFFICULT IMPLEMENTATION
• FAILURE OF ONE NODES WILL FAILURE THE ENTIRE
  NETWORK
• CONNECTING AND REMOVING DEVICE DIFFICULT
• NETWORK SPEED DICREASE WHEN NUMBER OF PC
  INCREASE
• SUKAR DIURUS
• KELAJUAN BERKURANG JIKA PC BERTAMBAH
• SUKAR BUAT PEMBAIKAN DAN GANTIAN
• KEROSAKAN SATU PC MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
• STAR - FAILURE OF HOST WILL EFFECTS THE ENTIRE
  NETWORK

BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.9 Define Transmission Control
  Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) as a protocol
  to facilitate communication over computer network
  
• TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL
  (TCP/IP) AS A PROTOCOL TO
• FACILITATE COMMUNICATION OVER COMPUTER NETWORK.
• IS INTERNET COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
• STANDARD THAT SET RULES FOR PC MUST FOLLOW IN
  COMMUNICATING WITH EACH OTHER ON A NETWORK
• SOME REFER TO TCP/IP AS INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE
• ADALAH PROTOKOL KOMUNIKASI INTERNET
• MERUPAKAN SET ARAHAN STANDARD YANG MESTI DIPATUHI
  OLEH PC BAGI BERKOMUNIKASI DALAM RANGKAIAN
  INTERNET
• SESETENGAH MERUJUK TCPIP SEBAGAI SET PROTOKOL
  INTERNET
• TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL(TCP)
• PROTOCOL THAT SET OF COMMUNICAION RULES BETWEEN
  COMPUTERS.
• ESTABLISHES CONNECTION BETWEEN 2 PC , PROTECT
  AGAINS DATA LOSS AND DATA CORRUPTION
• RESPONSIBLE FOR BREAKING THE DATA INTO PACKETS
  BEFORE THE ARE SENT THAN ASSEMBLE THE PACKETS
  WHEN THEY REACH A DESTINATION
• PROTOKOL YANG MENETAPKAN ARAHAN KOMUNIKASI ANTARA
  KOMPUTER
• MENETAPKAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA 2 PC, ELAKKAN
  KEHILANGAN DAN KEROSAKAN DATA
• BERTANGGUNGJAWAB BAGI MEMECAHKAN DATA KEPADA
  PAKET SEBELUM DIHANTAR KEMUDIAN MENGHIMPUNKAN
  PAKET APABILA IA SAMPAI KE DESTINASINYA
• INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
• PROTOCOL THAT TRANSFER DATA FORM NODE TO NODE (PC
  TO PC)
• IP TAKE CARE OF DELIVERING DATA PACKETS BETWEEN 2
  PC

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.10 Describe the types of network
  communications technology
• Internet Intranet Extranet
• INTERNET
• THE INTERNET, OR THE NET, IS THE WORLDWIDE,
  PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE
• SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER NETWORKS THAT
  TRANSMIT DATA
• BY PACKET SWITCHING USING THE STANDARD INTERNET
  PROTOCOL (IP).
• IT CONSISTS OF MILLIONS OF SMALLER BUSINESS,
  ACADEMIC, DOMESTIC
• AND GOVERNMENT NETWORKS, WHICH TOGETHER CARRY
  VARIOUS
• INFORMATION AND SERVICES, SUCH AS ELECTRONIC
  MAIL, ONLINE CHAT,
• AND THE INTERLINKED WEB PAGES AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
  OF THE WORLD
• WIDE WEB.INTERNET IS ONE OF THE USES OF
  COMMUNICATION. THROUGH
• THE INTERNET, SOCIETY HAS ACCESS TO GLOBAL
  INFORMATION AND
• INSTANT COMMUNICATION.
• INTERNET ATAU NET ADALAH BERSIFAT GLOBAL SYSTEM
  CAPAIAN AWAM
• ANTARA RANGKAIAN KOMPUTER YANG BERHUBUNG,
  MENGHANTAR
• MENERIMA DATA DALAM BENTUK PAKET MENGGUNAKANA
  STANDARD
• PROTOKOL INTERNET.MENGANDUNGI BERJUTA PERKARA
  BERKAITAN
• PERNIAGAAN, AKADEMIK, BAHAGIAN DALAMAN DAN
  RANGKAIAN KERAJAAN

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.10 Describe the types of network
  communications technology
• Internet Intranet Extranet
• INTRANET
• AN INTRANET (INTRA MEANS WITHIN) IS AN INTERNAL
  NETWORK THAT USES INTERNET
• TECHNOLOGIES AND IT IS A SMALL VERSION OF THE
  INTERNET THAT EXISTS WITHIN AN
• ORGANISATION. AN INTRANET IS A PRIVATE COMPUTER
  NETWORK THAT USES INTERNET
• PROTOCOLS, NETWORK CONNECTIVITY AND POSSIBLY THE
  PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• TO SECURELY SHARE PART OF AN ORGANISATIONS
  INFORMATION OR OPERATION WITH ITS
• EMPLOYEES. INTRANET GENERALLY MAKE COMPANY
  INFORMATION ACCESSIBLE TO EMPLOYEES
• AND FACILITATE WORKING IN GROUPS. SIMPLE INTRANET
  APPLICATIONS INCLUDE ELECTRONIC
• PUBLISHING OF ORGANISATIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS
  TELEPHONE DIRECTORIES, EVENT
• CALENDARS AND JOB POSTINGS
• INTRA BERMAKSUD ANTARA ADALAH RANGKAIAN DALAMAN
  YANG MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI
• INTERNET DAN ADALAH VERSI KECIL DAAM INTERNET
  YANG WUJUD DALAM ORGANISASI. IA
• MERUPAKAN RANGKAIAN PC PERIBADI YANG MENGGUNAKAN
  PROTOKOL INTERNET , BERGUBUNG
• SECARA RANGKAIAN DAN KEBERANGKALIAN SISTEM
  TELEKOMUNIKASI AWAM BAGI BERKONGSI
• SECARA SELAMAT DALAM ORGANISASI ATAU MERUPAKAN
  OPERASI SESAMA PEKERJANYA

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.10 Describe the types of network
  communications technology
• Internet Intranet Extranet
• INTRANET

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.10 Describe the types of network
  communications technology
• Internet Intranet Extranet
• EXTRANET
• EXTRANET IS A PRIVATE NETWORK THAT USES INTERNET
  PROTOCOLS,
• NETWORK CONNECTIVITY, AND POSSIBLY THE PUBLIC
  TELECOMMUNICATION
• SYSTEM TO SECURELY SHARE PART OF A BUSINESSS
  INFORMATION OR
• OPERATIONS WITH SUPPLIERS, VENDORS, PARTNERS,
  CUSTOMERS OR
• OTHER BUSINESSES.
• MERUPAKAN RANGKAIAN PC PERIBADI YANG MENGGUNAKAN
  PROTOKOL
• INTERNET , BERGABUNG SECARA RANGKAIAN DAN
  KEBERANGKALIAN
• SISTEM TELEKOMUNIKASI AWAM BAGI BERKONGSI SECARA
  SELAMAT DALAM
• ORGANISASI ATAU MERUPAKAN OPERASI SESAMA
  PEMBEKAL, VENDOR,
• RAKAN KONGSI, PELANGGAN DAN PERNIAGAAN
• PACKAGE SHIPPING COMPANIES, FOR EXAMPLE, ALLOW
  CUSTOMERS TO ACCESS THEIR NETWORK TO PRINT AIR
  BILLS, SCHEDULE PICKUPS, AND EVEN TRACK SHIPPED
  PACKAGES AS THE PACKAGES TRAVEL TO THEIR
  DESTINATIONS.
• CONTOH MEMBENARKAN PELANGGAN MENGAKSES UNTUK
  MMBAYAR BIL, MELIHAT JADUAL DAN LAIN-LAIN

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3.1.1 Definition

• 3.1.10 Describe the types of network
  communications technology
• Internet Intranet Extranet
• EXTRANET

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Topic 3.2 Hardware Requirements
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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.1 Identify the devices needed in computer
  network communication
• NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• MODEM (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL)
• HUB/SWITCH
• ROUTER
• WIRELESS ACCESS POINT

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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following
• NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
• A NETWORK CARD, SOMETIMES PRONOUNCED AS NICK, IS
  AN ADAPTER CARD OR PC CARD THAT ENABLES THE
  COMPUTER TO ACCESS THE NETWORK.
• KAD RANGKAIAN YANG KADANGKALA DISEBUT SEBAGAI
  NICK ADALAH KAD ADAPTER ATAU PC KAD YANG
  MEMBOLEHKAN KOMPUTER MENCAPAI INTERNET DALAM
  RANGKAIAN

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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following
• WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD IS A NETWORK
• CARD THAT PROVIDES WIRELESS DATA TRANSMISSION.
• ADALAH KAD RANGKAIAN YANG MEMBOLEHKAN
• CAPAIAN INTERNET TANPA WAYAR

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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following
• MODEM (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL)
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MODEM, INTERNAL AND
  EXTERNAL
• AN INTERNAL MODEM ONLY WORKS IN STAND-ALONE
  COMPUTERS. IT IS BUILT INTO THE PC.
• AN EXTERNAL MODEM IS SEPARATED FROM THE COMPUTER
  AND IS ALSO MOBILE.
• ADA 2 JENIS MODEM IAITU DALAMAN DAN LUARAN
• MODEM DALAMAN HANYA ADA PADA PC DESKTOP YANG
  MANA TELAH SEDIA DIBUAT DALAM PC
• MODEM LUARAN MERUPAKAN MODEM MUDAH ALIH

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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following
• HUB/SWITCH
• HUB OR SWITCH IS A COMMON CONNECTION POINT FOR
  DEVICES IN A NETWORK. HUBS ARE COMMONLY USED TO
  CONNECT SEGMENTS OF A LAN.
• HUB ATAU SWITCH ADALAH POINT RANGKAIAN YANG BIASA
  BAGI PERANTI DALAM RANGKAIAN. HUB BIASA DIGUNA
  DALAM SET RANGKAIAN BAGI LAN.

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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following
• ROUTER
• A ROUTER IS A COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE THAT CONNECTS
• MULTIPLE COMPUTERS OR OTHER ROUTERS TOGETHER AND
• TRANSMITS DATA TO THE CORRECT DESTINATION.
• MERUPAKAN PERANTI TELEKOMUNIKASI YANG
  MENGHUBUNGKAN
• PC DALAM JUMLAH BANYAK ATAU ANTARA ROUTERS
  BERSAMA
• DAN MENGHANTAR DATA KE DESTINASI YANG BETUL

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3.2.1 Devices

• 3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following
• WIRELESS ACCESS POINT
• A WIRELESS ACCESS POINT IS A CENTRAL
  COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE THAT ALLOW COMPUTERS TO
  TRANSFER DATA. THIS DEVICE CAN HELP INFORMATION
  TO BE
• TRANSFERRED WIRELESSLY TO OTHER WIRELESS DEVICES
  OR TO A WIRED NETWORK.
• WIRELESS ACCESS POINT HAS HIGH QUALITY ANTENNAS
  FOR OPTIMAL SIGNALS.
• MERUPAKAN ALAT PENERIMAAN MENGGUNAKAN SIGNAL BAGI
  TUJUAN PENGHANTARAN DAN PENERIMAAN DATA SECARA
  TANPA WAYAR.

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3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• TWISTED-PAIR CABLE
• THE TWISTED-PAIR CABLE IS GENERALLY A COMMON FORM
  OF
• TRANSMISSION MEDIUM. IT CONSISTS OF TWO WIRES OR
  CONDUCTORS
• TWISTED TOGETHER, EACH WITH ITS OWN PLASTIC
  INSULATION. THE TWISTED
• WIRES CANCEL OUT ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
  THAT CAN CAUSE
• CROSSTALK . THE MOST COMMON CONNECTOR USED FOR
  TP CABLE IS RJ-45.
• KABEL TWISTED PAIR MERUPAKAN KABEL ASAS YANG
  BIASA DIGUNAKAN
• DALAM MEDIUM PENGHANTARAN.MENGANDUNGI 2 WAYAR
  ATAU KONDUKTOR
• YANG DISIMPUL BERSAMA DAN STIAP SATUNYA DISALUTI
  PLASTIK LUARAN.
• PENYAMBUNG YANG BIASA DIGUNA ADALAH RJ5

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3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLETHE
• UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR OR UTP IS THE MOST COMMON
  TWISTED-PAIR CABLE USED
• IN COMMUNICATIONS. IT HAS FOUR PAIRS OF
  COLOUR-CODED TWISTED-PAIR CABLES
• THAT ARE COVERED WITH A PLASTIC OUTER JACKET.
• KABEL UTP MERUPAKAN KABEL YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN
  DALAM KOMUNIKASI. IA ADA
• 4 PASANG KABEL YANG DISIMPUL.
• THE SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR OR STP IS ANOTHER FORM
  OF TWISTED-PAIR CABLE. ITS
• FOUR PAIRS OF COLOUR-CODED WIRES ARE EACH WRAPPED
  IN METALLIC FOIL, AND
• ALL FOUR ARE THEN COLLECTIVELY WRAPPED IN A LAYER
  OF METALLIC BRAID OR
• FOIL. FINALLY, THIS LAYER IS WRAPPED WITH A
  PLASTIC OUTER JACKET.
• KABEL STP MERUPAKAN SATU LAGI JENIS KABEL TWISTED
  PAIR. JUGA ADA 4 PASANG
• KABEL YANG DISIMPUL BERSAMA DAN KESEMUANYA
  DISALUT SATU LAPISAN
• METALLIC FOIL. METALLIC FOIL ITU PULA DISALUT
  JAKET LUARAN

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3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• COAXIAL CABLE
• THE COAXIAL CABLE, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS COAX,
  CONSISTS OF A SINGLE COPPER WIRE SURROUNDED BY AT
  LEAST THREE LAYERS.THEY ARE AN INSULATING
  MATERIAL, A WOVEN OR BRAIDED METAL AND A PLASTIC
  OUTER COATING.
• BIASA DIPANGGIL SEBAGAI COAX. MENGANDUNGI SATU
  WAYAR TEMBAGA DISALUT SEKURANG-KURANG 3 LAPISAN
  IAITU LAPISAN FABRIK BESI TENUN DAN PLASTIK
  LUARAN
• THIS CABLE IS OFTEN USED AS CABLE TELEVISION
  (CATV) NETWORK WIRING BECAUSE IT CAN BE CABLED
  OVER LONGER DISTANCES IN COMPARISON TO THE
  TWISTED-PAIR CABLE.
• BIASANYA ADALAH KABEL TELEVISYEN SEBAB KETAHANAN
  DAN BOLEH DIGUNA UNTUK JARAK YANG JAUH.

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3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• COAXIAL CABLE
• CONNECTORS FOR THE COAXIAL CABLE
• THE CONNECTOR MOST COMMONLY USED IN CONNECTING A
  COAXIAL CABLE TO A DEVICE IS THE BNC CONNECTOR.
  BNC IS SHORT FOR BRITISH NAVAL CONNECTOR OR
  BAYONET-NEILL-CONCELMAN.
• PENGHUBUNG YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN UNTUK COAXIAL
  KABEL KEPADA PERANTI ADALAH PENYAMBUNG BNC
  (BRITISH NAVAL CONNECTOR)
• THERE ARE THREE POPULAR BNC CONNECTORS. THEY ARE
  
• - BNC CONNECTOR USED TO CONNECT DEVICES SUCH
  AS THE TV SET
• - BNC T CONNECTOR USED IN ETHERNET NETWORKS
• - BNC TERMINATOR CONNECTED AT THE END OF A
  CABLE TO PREVENT
• THE REFLECTION OF SIGNALS
• ADA 3 JENIS PENYAMBUNG BNC YANG POPULAR. IANYA
  ADALAH
• - PENYAMBUNG BNC UNTUK TV
• - PENYAMBUNG BNC T RANGKAIAN ETHERNET
• - PENYAMBUNG BNC TERMINATOR DISAMBUNG PADA
  HUJUNG KABEL
• UNTUK MENGELAKKAN REFLEKSI DARIPADA
  SIGNAL..

34
3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
• THE FIBRE OPTIC CABLE IS A NETWORKING MEDIUM THAT
  USES LIGHT FOR DATA TRANSMISSION.
• THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT IS INCREASED AND DECREASED
  TO REPRESENT BINARY ONE AND ZERO.
• ITS CORE CONSISTS OF DOZENS OR HUNDREDS OF THIN
  STRANDS OF GLASS OR PLASTIC WHICH USES LIGHT TO
  TRANSMIT SIGNALS.
• EACH STRAND, CALLED AN OPTICAL FIBRE, IS AS THIN
  AS A HUMAN HAIR.
• ADALAH MEDIUM RANGKAIAN YANG MENGGUNAKAN
• CAHAYA UNTUK PENGHANTARAN DATA. KEUPAYAAN CAHAYA
  UNTUK BERKURANG ATAU BERTAMBAH DITAKRIFKAN
  SEBAGAI 0 DAN 1 DALAM
• KOD BINARI

35
3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• FIBRE OPTIC CABLE - PARTS OF A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
• INSIDE A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE, EACH OPTICAL FIBRE IS
  CLAD WITH AN INSULATING GLASS AND A PROTECTIVE
  COATING. TYPICALLY, A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE HAS FIVE
  PARTS. 5 BAHAGIAN KABEL FIBER OPTIK
• 1. THE CORE IS THE LIGHT TRANSMISSION ELEMENT.
  IT IS TYPICALLY MADE
• OF GLASS OR PLASTIC.
• TERAS- ADALAH ELEMEN PENGHANTARAN CAHAYA. BIASA
  DIPERBUAT DARIPADA KACA ATAU PLASTIK
• 2. CLADDING SURROUNDS THE CORE.IT IS ALSO MADE OF
  GLASS OR PLASTIC BUT IS LESS DENSE THAN THE CORE.
  
• LAPISAN PELINDUNG TERAS JUGA DIPERBUAT DARI
  KACA ATAU PLASTIK CUMA LEBIH PADAT DARIPADA TERAS
• 3. BUFFER SURROUNDS CLADDING. IT IS USUALLY MADE
  OF PLASTIC AND HELPS SHIELDS THE CORE AND
  CLADDING FROM BEING DAMAGED.
• LAPISAN MENGELILINGI PELINDUNG TERAS BIASANYA
  DIPERBUAT DARIPADA PLASTIK DAN MEMBANTU
  MELINDUNGI TERAS DAN PELINDUNGNYA DRPD ROSAK
• 4. A STRENGTHENING MATERIAL SURROUNDS THE BUFFER
  TO PREVENT THE FIBRE CABLE FROM BEING STRETCHED
  WHEN INSTALLERS PULL IT.
• BAHAN TAHAN LASAK MENGELILINGI LAPISAN
  PELINDUNG TERS BAGI MENGELAKKAN KABEL DARIPADA
  CALAR DAN ROSAK
• 5. OUTER JACKET SURROUNDS THE CABLE TO PROTECT
  THE FIBRE AGAINST ABRASION, SOLVENTS AND OTHER
  CONTAMINANTS.
• JAKET LUARAN BAHAGIAN LUAR YANG MEGHALANG
  KABEL DARIPADA ROSAK

36
3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as
  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted
  Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
• FIBRE OPTIC CABLE - CONNECTORS OF A FIBRE OPTIC
  CABLE
• THE MOST COMMONLY USED FIBRE OPTIC CONNECTORS ARE
  SC, ST, FC AND MT-RJ.
• ADA 4 JENIS PENYAMBUNG BAGI KABEL FIBER OPTIK.
• 1.SC - A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONNECTOR THAT USES A
  PUSH-PULL LATCHING MECHANISM SIMILAR TO COMMON
  AUDIO AND VIDEO CABLES.
• KABEL YANG BIASA DIGUNA UNTUK PENYAMBUNG AUDIO
  DAN KABEL VIDEO
• 2.ST - A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONNECTOR THAT USES A
  BAYONET PLUG SOCKET.
• KABEL PENYAMBUNG BAGI PLUG BAYONET DAN SOKET
• 3.FC - A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONNECTOR THAT USES A
  THREADED PLUG SOCKET.
• KABEL PENYAMBUNG BAGI PLUG THREADED DAN SOKET
• 4.MT-RJ -MECHANICAL TRANSFER REGISTERED JACK
  (MT-RJ), A FIBRE OPTICS
• CONNECTOR POPULAR FOR SMALL FORM FACTOR DEVICES
  DUE TO ITS
• SMALL SIZE.
• KABEL PENYAMBUNG YANG POPULAR UNTUK
  PERANTI-PERANTI KECIL.
• ADA TERDAPAT DALAM PC. WAYAR SATA CONTOHNYA

37
3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.2 Identify various types of wireless
  transmission media such as infrared, radio wave
  and microwave
• RADIO WAVES
• THERE IS NO CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RADIO WAVES
  AND
• MICROWAVES. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES RANGING IN
  FREQUENCIES
• BETWEEN 3 KHZ AND 1 GHZ ARE NORMALLY CALLED RADIO
  WAVES.
• WAVES RANGING IN FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 1 AND 300
  GHZ ARE
• NORMALLY CALLED MICROWAVES.
• TIDAK BANYAK PRBEZAAN ANTARA GELOMBANG RADIO DAN
• GELOMBANG MIKRO KECUALI DARI SEGI KEKUATAN
  FREKUENSI.
• GELOMBANG RADIO FREKUENSI ANTARA 3 KHZ HINGGA 1
  GHZ
• GELOMBANG MIKRO FREKUENSI ANTARA 1 GHZ HINGGA
  300 GHZ

38
3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.2 Identify various types of wireless
  transmission media such as infrared, radio wave
  and microwave
• MICROWAVES
• ELECTRONIC WAVES WITH FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 1 GHZ
  TO
• 300GHZ ARE NORMALLY CALLED MICROWAVES.
• UNLIKE RADIO WAVES, MICROWAVES ARE
  UNIDIRECTIONAL, IN
• WHICH THE SENDING AND RECEIVING ANTENNAS NEED TO
  BE
• ALIGNED.
• TIDAK SEPERTI GELOMBANG RADIO, GELOMBANG MIKRO
• BERGERAK SECARA BERTABURAN. IA MEMERLUKAN ANTENNA
• UNTUK MENGHANTAR DAN MENERIMA.

39
3.2.2 Medium

• 3.2.2.2 Identify various types of wireless
  transmission media such as infrared, radio wave
  and microwave
• INFRARED
• INFRARED IS USED IN DEVICES SUCH AS THE MOUSE,
  WIRELESS KEYBOARD AND PRINTERS. SOME
  MANUFACTURERS PROVIDE A SPECIAL PORT CALLED THE
  IRDA PORT THAT ALLOWS A WIRELESS KEYBOARD TO
  COMMUNICATE WITH A PC. INFRARED SIGNALS HAVE
  FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 300 GHZ TO 400 THZ. THEY ARE
  USED FOR SHORT-RANGE COMMUNICATION.
• INFRA MERAH DIGUNAKAN OLEH PERANTI-PERANTI
  SEPERTI MOUSE TANPA WAYAR, PAPAN KEKUNCI TANPA
  WAYAR, PENCETAK TANPA WAYAR DAN SEBAGAINYA.
  SESETENGAH PENGELUAR MEMBEKALKAN SATU PORT KHAS
  DIPANGGIL IrDA YANG MEMBENARKAN PERANTI-PERANTI
  SEPERTI DI ATAS BERKOMUNIKASI DENGAN PC.
  FREKUENSINYA PULA ANTARA 300GHZ HINGGA 400GHZ.
• BANYAK DIGUNAKAN BAGI JARAK-JARAK YANG SANGAT
  PENDEK.

40
Topic 3.3 Software Requirements
41
3.3.1 Server Software

• 3.3.1.1 Define Network Operating System
• DEFINITION OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
• 1. AN OPERATING SYSTEM IS THE PROGRAM THAT FIRST
  LOADS
• WHEN A COMPUTER BOOTS AND MANAGES ANY OTHER
  SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE ON THE COMPUTER.
• SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN ADALAH PROGRAM YANG PERTAMA
• DIBACA OLEH PC DAN IA MENGURUSKAN PERISIAN DAN
• PERKAKASAN DLM PC
• 2. A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM OR KNOWN AS NOS,
  HAS
• ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY THAT ALLOWS IT TO
  CONNECT
• COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS TO A NETWORK.
• RANGKAIAN SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN DIKENALI SEBAGAI
  NOS. IA
• MEMPUNYAI FUNGSI TAMBAHAN YANG MEMBENARKAN
  KOMPUTER DAN PERANTI BERHUBUNG DALAM RANGKAIAN

42
3.3.1 Server Software

• 3.3.1.1 Define Network Operating System
• DEFINITION OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
• 3. A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM IS MOST FREQUENTLY
  USED WITH LOCAL AREA NETWORKS AND WIDE AREA
  NETWORKS, BUT COULD ALSO HAVE APPLICATION TO
  LARGER NETWORK
• SYSTEMS.RANGKAIAN SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN BIASA ADA
  DALAM LAN
• DAN WAN. NAMUN TERDAPAT JUGA APLIKASI UNTUK
  SISTEM RANGKAIAN YANG LEBIH BESAR
• 4. A NOS IS NOT THE SAME AS THE NETWORKING TOOLS
  PROVIDED BY SOME EXISTING OPERATING SYSTEMS,
  WINDOWS XP FOR INSTANCE.
• NOS TIDAK SAMA SEPERTI ALAT RANGKAIAN. CONTOH
  WINDOWS XP.
• 5. NOS IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM THAT HAS BEEN
  SPECIFICALLY WRITTEN
• TO KEEP NETWORKS RUNNING AT OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE.
• NOS ADALAH SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN YANG SECARA
  SPESIFIK
• MEMBOLEHKAN RANGKAIAN BERJALAN DENGAN LANCAR.

43
3.3.1 Server Software

• 3.3.1.2 Name various Network Operating System
  Software.
• EXAMPLES OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
• SOME POPULAR NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS INCLUDE
• WINDOWS NT
• WINDOWS 2000 SERVER
• WINDOWS SERVER 2003
• RED HAT LINUX
• NOS-NOS YANG POPULAR
• TERMASUKLAH
• WINDOWS NT
• WINDOWS 2000 SERVER
• WINDOWS SERVER 2003
• RED HAT LINUX

44
3.3.2 Client Software

• 3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client
  software.(web browser, email client, network
  utilities, network file manager)
• FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER
• 1. A WEB BROWSER IS A SOFTWARE APPLICATION THAT
  ENABLES A USER TO DISPLAY AND INTERACT WITH HTML
  DOCUMENTS HOSTED BY WEB SERVERS OR HELD IN A FILE
  SYSTEM. TEXT AND IMAGES ON A WEB PAGE CAN CONTAIN
  HYPERLINKS TO OTHER WEB PAGES AT THE SAME OR TO
  DIFFERENT WEBSITES.
• CARIAN WEB ADALAH PERISIAN APLIKASI YANG
  MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA MEMAPAR DAN BERINTERAKSI
  DENGAN DOKUMEN HTML YANG DATANG DARIPADA SERVER
  WEB. TEKS DAN IMEJ DALAM WEB BOLEH MENGANDUNGI
  HIPER RANGKAI KEPADA LAMAN WEB LAIN ATAU SAMA
• 2. WEB BROWSER ALLOW A USER TO QUICKLY AND EASILY
  ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED ON MANY WEB PAGES AT
  MANY WEBSITES BY SURFING THESE LINKS.
• CARIAN WEB MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA DENGAN CEPAT DAN
  MUDAH MENGAKSES MAKLUMAT YANG DIBEKALKAN OLEH
  BANYAK HALAMAN WEB PADA BANYAK LAMAN WEB.

45
3.3.2 Client Software

• 3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client
  software.(web browser, email client, network
  utilities, network file manager)
• FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER
• 3. WEB BROWSERS AVAILABLE FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER
  INCLUDE MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI,
  NETSCAPE AND OPERA.WEB BROWSERS ARE THE MOST
  COMMONLY USED TYPE OF HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
  (HTTP) USER AGENT.
• CARIAN WEB BOLEH DIDAPATI PADA PC TERMASUKLAH
  PADA MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI,
  NETSCAPE AND OPERA.
• 4. ALTHOUGH BROWSERS ARE TYPICALLY USED TO ACCESS
  THE WORLD WIDE WEB, THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO
  ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED BY WEB SERVERS IN
  PRIVATE NETWORKS OR CONTENT IN FILE SYSTEMS.
• WALAUPUN CARIAN BIASA DIGUNA UNTUK MENGAKSES
  PADA DUNIA WEB, PENGGUNA JUGA BOLEH MENGAKSES
  MAKLUMAT YANG DIBEKALKAN OLEH SERVER WEB PERIBADI
  ATAU KANDUNGAN SISTEM FAIL

46
3.3.2 Client Software

• 3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client
  software.(web browser, email client, network
  utilities, network file manager)
• FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER
• 3. WEB BROWSERS AVAILABLE FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER
  INCLUDE MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI,
  NETSCAPE AND OPERA.WEB BROWSERS ARE THE MOST
  COMMONLY USED TYPE OF HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
  (HTTP) USER AGENT.
• CARIAN WEB BOLEH DIDAPATI PADA PC TERMASUKLAH
  PADA MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI,
  NETSCAPE AND OPERA.
• 4. ALTHOUGH BROWSERS ARE TYPICALLY USED TO ACCESS
  THE WORLD WIDE WEB, THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO
  ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED BY WEB SERVERS IN
  PRIVATE NETWORKS OR CONTENT IN FILE SYSTEMS.
• WALAUPUN CARIAN BIASA DIGUNA UNTUK MENGAKSES
  PADA DUNIA WEB, PENGGUNA JUGA BOLEH MENGAKSES
  MAKLUMAT YANG DIBEKALKAN OLEH SERVER WEB PERIBADI
  ATAU KANDUNGAN SISTEM FAIL

47
3.3.2 Client Software

• 3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client
  software.(web browser, email client, network
  utilities, network file manager)
• FUNCTIONS OF EMAIL CLIENT
• AN EMAIL CLIENT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT IS
  USED TO READ AND SEND EMAIL.
• EMAIL CLIENT ADALAH PROGRAM KOMPUTER YANG
  DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MEMBACA DAN MENGHANTAR EMAIL.
• FUNCTIONS OF FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
• FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) IS USED TO CONNECT
  TWO COMPUTERS OVER THE INTERNET SO THAT THE USER
  OF ONE COMPUTER CAN TRANSFER FILES AND PERFORM
  FILE COMMANDS ON THE OTHER COMPUTER.
• PROTOKOL PENGHANTARAN FAIL DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
  MENGHUBUNGKAN 2 PC MELALUI INTERNET SUPAYA
  PENGGUNA SALAH SATU PC BOLEH MENGHANTAR FAIL DAN
  MELAKUKAN OPERASI ARAHAN FAIL PADA PC YANG SATU
  LAGI.

48
3.4 3.5

• 3.4 SETTING NETWORK FACILITIES
• ASSESSMENT S06.1 AND S06.2
• 3.5 CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
• ASSESSMENT S07.1