Title: Organ transplant
1Organs Transplantation
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3Organ transplant by Alsafwa
Medical Family
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5Why Organ transplant ??!!
6organ transplant (an operation moving an organ
from one organism (the donor) to another (the
recipient)) "he had a kidney transplant" "the
long-term results of cardiac transplantation are
now excellent" "a child had a multiple organ
transplant two months ago"
7Types of transplants
- Autograft
- Allograft
- Isograft
- Xenograft and Xenotransplantion
- Split transplants
- Domino transplants
8Autograft
- A transplant of tissue from one to oneself.
Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, or
tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more
desperately needed elsewhere (examples include
skin grafts, for CABG, etc.) Sometimes this is
done to remove the tissue and then treat it or
the person, before returning it (examples include
stem-cell autograft and storing blood in advance
of surgery).
9Allograft
- An allograft is a transplanted organ or tissue
from a genetically non-identical member of the
same species. Most human tissue and organ
transplants are allografts.
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11Isograft
- A subset of allografts in which organs or tissues
are transplanted from a donor to a genetically
identical recipient (such as an identical twin).
Isografts are differentiated from other types of
transplants because while they are anatomically
identical to allografts, they are closer to
autografts in terms of the recipient's immune
response.
12Xenograft and Xenotransplantion
- A transplant of organs or tissue from one species
to another. Xenotransplantion is often an
extremely dangerous type of transplant. Examples
include porcine heart valves, which are quite
common and successful, a baboon-to-human heart
(failed), and piscine-primate (fish to non-human
primate) islet (i.e. pancreatic or insular
tissue), the latter's research study directed for
potential human use if successful. See
xenotransplantation.
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14Split transplants
- Sometimes, a deceased-donor organ (specifically
the liver) may be divided between two recipients,
especially an adult and a child.
15Domino transplants
- This operation is usually performed for cystic
fibrosis as both lungs need to be replaced and it
is a technically easier operation to replace the
heart and lungs en bloc. As the recipient's
native heart is usually healthy, this can then
itself be transplanted into someone needing a
heart transplant. That term is also used for a
special form of liver transplant, in which the
recipient suffers from familial amyloidotic
polyneuropathy in which the liver (slowly)
produces a protein that damages other organs
their liver can be transplanted into an older
patient who is likely to die from other causes
before a problem arises.
16Major organs and tissues transplanted
- Thoracic organs
- Heart (Deceased-donor only)
- Lung(Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
- En bloc Heart/Lung (Deceased-donor and Domino
transplant) - Other organs
- Kidney (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
- Liver (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor)
- Pancreas (Deceased-donor only)
- (Deceased-donor only)
- Tissues, cells, fluids
- Hand (Deceased-donor only
- Cornea (Deceased-donor onlySkin graft including
Face transplant (almost always autograft) - Penis (Deceased-donor only)
- Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas Islet Cells)
(Deceased-donor and Living-Donor) - Bone marrow/Adult stem cell (Living-Donor and
Autograft) - Blood transfusion/Blood Parts Transfusion
(Living-Donor and Autograft) - Blood vessels (Autograft and Deceased-Donor)
- Heart valve (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor and
XenograftPorcine/bovine) - Bone (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor, and
Autograft)
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18History of Organ transplant
19The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly
exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit
but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit
but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance
in each man.
20- Roman Catholic accounts report the third-century
saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the
gangrenous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with
the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian.
21- The first reasonable account is of the Indian
surgeon Sushruta in the second century BC, who
used autografted skin transplantation in nose
reconstruction rhinoplasty.
22- Centuries later, the Italian surgeon performed
successful skin autografts he also failed
consistently with allografts
23- the first successful human corneal transplant, a
keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard
Zirm in Austria in 1905.
24- Their skillful anastomosisoperations, the new
suturing techniques, laid the groundwork for
later transplant surgery and won Carrel the 1912
Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology
25carried on the work into World War II as
reconstructive surgery
26 - The first attempted human deceased-donor
transplant was performed by the Ukrainian surgeon
in the 1930s
Yu Yu Voronoy
27- the late 1940s Peter Medawar, working for the
National Institute for Medica Research, improved
the understanding of rejection. Identifying the
immune reactions in 1951 Medawar suggested that
immunosuppressive drugs
28- On March 9th 1981 t the first successful
heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford
University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce
Reitz, credited the patient's recovery to
cyclosporine-A.
29Timeline of successful transpants
- 1905 First successful cornea transplant by
Eduard Zirm - 1954 First successful kidney transplant by
Joseph Murray (Boston, U.S.A.) - 1966 First successful pancreas transplant by
Richard Lillehei and William Kelly (Minnesota,
U.S.A.) - 1967 First successful liver transplant by Thomas
Starzl (Denver, U.S.A.) - 1967 First successful heart transplant by
Christiaan Barnard (Cape Town, South Africa) - 1970 First successful monkey head transplant by
Robert White (Cleveland, U.S.A.) - 1981 First successful heart/lung transplant by
Bruce Reitz (Stanford, U.S.A.) - 1983 First successful lung lobe transplant by
Joel Cooper (Toronto, Canada) - 1986 First successful double-lung transplant
(Ann Harrison) by Joel Cooper (Toronto, Canada) - 1987 First successful whole lung transplant by
Joel Cooper (St. Louis, U.S.A.) - 1995 First successful laparoscopic live-donor
nephrectomy by Lloyd Ratner and Louis Kavoussi
(Baltimore, U.S.A.) - 1998 First successful live-donor partial
pancreas transplant by David Sutherland
(Minnesota, U.S.A.) - 1998 First successful hand transplant (France)
- 2005 First successful partial face transplant
(France) - 2006 First successful penis transplant (China)
30Reasons for donation
31Living related donors
32Paired-exchange
33Good Samaritan
34Compensated donation
35Forced donation
36Ethical concerns
37Who will buy ... my beautiful kidney?
38Ethical concerns
- The World Health Organization argues that
transplantations promote health, but the notion
of transplantation tourism has the potential to
violate human rights or exploit the poor
There is also a powerful opposing view, that
trade in organs, if properly and effectively
regulated to ensure that the seller is fully
informed of all the consequences of donation, is
a mutually beneficial transaction between two
consenting adults, and that prohibiting it would
itself be a violation of Articles 3 and 29 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
39Organ transplantation in different countries
40Organ transplant in Egypt
41Which side are you ?!
42Dialogue
43In Egypt !
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45Thank You