A TWELFTH CENTURY HOSPITAL

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A TWELFTH CENTURY HOSPITAL AT POLONNARUVA AND
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL EQUIPMENT FOUND THEREIN
(Part 2).
P.N.PREMATILLEKE and A.P.R.ALUWIHARE
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Surgery

• Indian Subcontinent from before the onset of the
  Christian Era -Susrutha
• Surgery is known to have existed as a science in
  Greek times
• Surgical type instruments in-
• Taxila, instruments from Sirkat.
• Models on Arab instruments are on display in
  Kuwait
• Roman Empire surgery -instruments were found in
  Pompeii, In Britain are examples on Roman era
  instruments
• Surgery was known in China, Eqypt

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Surgery is one of the main branch of Ayurveda.
Susrut is called as Father of Surgery, his famous
treatise Susrut Samhita is an ancient
authoritative book on Surgery. There are many
significant features of Ayurvedic Surgery one of
them is Anushastra karma i.e. minimal invasive
para-surgical measure. The Kshara karma is one
of the Anushastra karma.
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Susrutha (approx 2000 yrs ago)

• -Kshara Suthra thread and fistula
• -training
• -short finger nails and hair
• -research-
• -practice first on fruit
• -invisible organisms that spread infection
• -Forehead rhinoplasty

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Records (1)
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Records (2)
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KSHARA SUTHRA
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SriLanka-less known
Practice on lotus leaves! (Susrutha, Mango/Pears
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Surgery- Sri Lanka

• Kings Buddhadasa and Parakramabahu?
• Descriptions like in India- ? Copied or real
• Accounts in Chulawamsa and other texts
• Accounts by Budddhagosa
• FINDING INSTRUMENTS VALIDATES TRUTH OF TEXTS AND
  THAT OPERATIONS WERE DONE

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?Hs
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Grinders
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BETEL! Betel and tobacco leaf, Calcium
Hydroxide, Areconut
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SPOON
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Weighing machines- Scales
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Probes/Applicators
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Susrutha/Hindus
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Hindu instruments
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Taxila
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Roman
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Forceps- long handle
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Forceps- short jaw
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Scissors- thick, metal handles
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Scissors-wooden handle
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Lance- wooden handle
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Scalpel- wooden handle
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Some references

• Aluwihare A.P.R.(1983- 2001) Personal
  observations in Kuwait, Edinburgh, St Albans,
  Taxila, Sirkat and Mohendajaro, Cairo, Naples
  and Pompeii, Xian,Lyon
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• Cassar, P.,(1974) Surgical instruments on a tomb
  slab in Roman Malta Med Hist. 18 89-93
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• Gazzaniga V, Serarcangeli C (1999)Surgical Roman
  instruments in the Museum of History of Medicine
  of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" Med
  Secoli.11217-29
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• Hamarneh,SK., Awad, HA.,( 1977)Early surgical
  instruments excavated in Old Cairo, Egypt.
  Int Surg. 62 520-4
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• Marshall, John H (1960) A Guide to Taxila
  Department of Archaeology, Pakistan University
  Press Cambridge
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• Mukhopadhaya G (1914) The Surgical Instruments of
  the Hindus with a Comparative Study of the Greek,
  Roman , Arab, and the Modern European Surgeons
  Volumes I and II University Press Calcutta
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• Naqvi NH (2003) Surgical instruments in the
  Taxila Museum Med Hist. 4789-98
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• Prakash. UB., (1978) Shushruta of ancient India
  Surg Gynecol Obstet. 146 263-72
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• Premathilleke, L. Aluwihare, A.P.R.(1990)
  Ancient hospitals of Sri Lanka, Built environment
  and surgical systems Ancient Ceylon 10
  281-289.
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• Prematilleke L., Aluwihare A.P.R. (1995)
  Ancient Hospital Systems of Sri Lanka 767- 781
  Colour Plates Dr.M.S.Nagaraja Rao Festschrift
  Bangalore

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Why decline?-Lessons for today

• War
• Disease
• Shift of Capitals
• Narrow mindedness of medical personnel-not
  participating in national affairs
• Infighting amongst medical professionals

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Thank you
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