PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY

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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY

• WEEK 2
• CHAPTER 1
• CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

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BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

• The nervous system
• Neuron
• Soma _at_ Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axon
• Axon Terminal
• Neurotransmitters
• Synapse

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• Excesses or deficiencies of neurotransmitters
  have been linked to various kind of mental health
  problem
• Excesses and deficiencies of neurotransmitter
  norepinephrine have been connected with mood
  disorders
• Neurotransmitter acetylcholine related to
  Alzheimer's disease
• Serotonin linked to various psychological
  disorders including anxiety disorders, mood
  disorders and eating disorders

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PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES

• The Structure of the Mind
• Conscious mind
• Preconscious mind
• Unconscious mind

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• The Structure of Personality
• Id
• - the collection of unconscious urges and
  desires that continually seek expression
• - the repository of our baser drives and
  instinctual impulses including hunger, thirst,
  sex and aggression
• - pleasure principle the way in which the id
  seeks immediate gratification of an instinct

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• Ego
• Freuds term for the part of the personality that
  mediates between environmental demands (reality),
  conscience (superego) and instinctual need (id)
• Reality principle the way in which the ego
  seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and
  effectively in the real world

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• Superego
• - the social and parental standards the
  individual has internalized the conscience and
  ego ideal
• - Ego ideal the part of the superego that
  consists of standards of what one would like to be

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Stages of Psychosexual Development

• Oral Stage (birth to 18 months)
• First stage of Freuds theory of personality
  development, in which the infants erotic
  feelings center on the mouth, lips and tongue.
• Anal Stage (roughly 18 months to 3 ½ years)
• Second stage of Freuds theory of personality
  development in which a childs erotic feelings
  center on the anus and on elimination
• Phallic Stage (after age 3)
• Third stage of Freuds theory of personality
  development in which erotic feelings center on
  the genitals
• Oedipus complex and Electra complex a childs
  sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite
  sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same
  sex generally occurs in the phallic stage

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• Latency Period (5 to 12 _at_ 13 years old)
• The child appears to have no interest in the
  other sex occurs after the phallic stage
• Genital Stage
• Final stage of normal adult sexual development
  which is normally marked by mature sexuality

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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Normality and
Abnormality

• Normal as well abnormal people are driven by the
  irrational drives of the id
• Normality - balance of energy among the psychic
  structures of id, ego and superego.
• Abnormality the balance of energy is lopsided

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LEARNING PERSPECTIVES

• Classical Conditioning
• - Ivan Pavlov (1849 1936)
• - A response naturally elicited by one stimulus
  comes to be elicited by a different, formerly
  neural stimulus
• Unconditioned stimulus (US)
• - stimulus that invariably causes an organism to
  response in specific way

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• Unconditioned response (UR)
• A response that takes place in an organism
  whenever an unconditioned stimulus occur
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• An originally neural stimulus that is paired with
  an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces
  the desired response in an organism when
  presented alone
• Conditioned response (CR)
• - After conditioning, the response an organism
  produces when only a conditioned stimulus is
  presented

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• Before Conditioning
• Bell No Response US (food) UR
  (Salivation
• During Conditioning
• CS (Bell) Followed by- US (Food) UR
  (Salivation)
• After Conditioning
• CS (Bell) CR (Salivation)

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• Operant Conditioning
• involves the acquisition of behaviors called
  operant behaviors that are emitted by the
  organism and that operate upon or manipulate the
  environment to produce certain effects.
• Operant behaviors
• Behavior designed to operate on the environment
  in a way that will gain something desired or
  avoid something unpleasant

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• Reinforcer
• A stimulus that follows a behavior and increases
  the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
  
• Punisher
• A stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases
  the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
• Positive Reinforcer
• Any event whose presence increases the likelihood
  that ongoing behavior will recur
• Negative Reinforcer
• Any event whose reduction or termination
  increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior
  will recur

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• Social Cognitive Theory
• emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a
  model or receiving instructions without firsthand
  experience by learner
• Example phobias may be learned vicariously by
  observing the fearful reactions of others in real
  life

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HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVES

• Carl Roger, Abraham Maslow
• Self Actualization
• - to strive to become all they are capable of
  being
• To understand abnormal behavior in the humanistic
  view, we need to understand the roadblocks that
  people encounter in striving for self
  actualization and authenticity

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COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES

• Information processing approach
• storage, retrieval, manipulation, and output
• - psychological disorders disturbance of these
  processes
• ABC approach
• Catastrophic Thinking

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• Aaron Beck proposed 4 basic types of cognitive
  errors that contribute to emotional distress
• 1. Selective Abstraction
• 2. Overgeneralization
• 3. Magnification
• 4. Absolutist thinking

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SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

• Poverty, social decay, discrimination, lack of
  economy opportunity

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LEVEL OF ANALYSIS

• The biological perspective adopts a physiological
  level of analysis. It examines the role that
  biochemical processes such as imbalances in brain
  chemistry may play in the development of
  psychological disorders
• The learning perspective adopts a behavioral
  level of analysis. It focuses on how our behavior
  is shaped by learning experiences.

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• The humanistic existential perspective adopts a
  phenomenological vantage point. It explores
  peoples subjective experiences
• The cognitive perspective focuses on the role of
  dysfunctional thinking patterns in psychological
  disorders such as irrational belief
• The psychodynamic perspective probes the
  unconscious motives and conflicts that believed
  to underlie psychological disorders
• The socio-cultural perspective focuses
  psychological disorders in the context of the
  larger society.