Title: Early Kingdoms
1(No Transcript)
2- Early Kingdoms
- Nile
- Kush
- Axum
- Ghana
- Mali
- Songhai
3Nile
- Settled around the Nile river fertile soil
- Egyptian Empire developed from here and expanded
their power. - Trade, conquest brought cultural diffusions and
advancements - Polytheistic, belief in the afterlife, pyramids,
pharaohs, and hieroglyphics
4(No Transcript)
5The Story of Nubia/Kush
- Nubia (Land of Gold) The Kingdom of Kush (also
called Nubia - the Land of Gold) - Hey Day Nubia was known as the Land of the Bow.
Because their archers were expert and fierce. - Major Exports They had gold mines, ivory,
incense, and iron ore. - Resources Unlike Egypt, in Nubia, they were not
dependent upon the flooding of the Nile for good
soil to grow crops and long growing seasons. They
enjoyed tropical rainfall all year long.
6- ExportsTrade was very important to Kush. They
established flourishing ports on the Red Sea.
They tried to work out trade agreements with
Egypt that would allow them free access to the
Mediterranean via the Nile River. Egyptians
depended on Kush for iron, gold, and for exotic
goods like incense and ebony. Kush wanted
Egyptian manufactured goods, especially their
cotton, an export for which Egypt is still famous
today. - Industry As the demand for iron grew, Kush ran
into a problem. To make iron, they needed to wood
to burn. They had wood, lots of wood. But they
burned so much wood in the process of making
iron, and they used up supplies so fast, that the
forests could not keep up.
7-
- Kush looked around for new avenues of trade. They
had incense. They had ivory. Certainly someone
would want these wonderful products. The leaders
of Kush began to turn their eyes towards the vast
Sahara Desert. Whas it possible? Could they
develop a trade route to the far away kings of
which they had great things?
8Achievements
- Developed their own religion and alphabets after
the Egyptian gods and heiroglyphics - Learned to make iron weapons and tools
- Wasted iron is still left in the capital city
Meroe (in the ruins) - Trade Arabia, Egypt, Mediterranean, East
Africa, and India
9Axum
- Where?
- South of Kushites, developed on the plateaus of
Ethiopia - Power?
- King Ezana conquered Kush (350 BC)
- Achievements
- Trading Empire close to the Red Sea allowed for
great access and control of spices, gems and
ivory to Egypt, Asia, and Arabia - Christianity one of the few African kingdoms to
convert to Christianity, and became isolated
later on by the Muslim dominated Africa
10Ghana
- The kingdom of Ghana had its heyday from 900 CE
through 1230 CE - Major Export Gold
- Natural resource Niger River, Gold Mines
- Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
(army) - Agricultural crops Yams (sweet potatoes), beans,
rice, onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds,
cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and
peanuts. - Economic specialization Traders, miners,
farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers - Famous Ghanians Anansi the Spider, Griots
- People Happy. The common people worked very
hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made
time for music, art, and the griots. - Religion Many gods and goddesses
11Mali
- The empire of Mali had its heyday from 1200 CE
through the late 1400's. - Major Export Gold
- Natural resource Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt
Mines - Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
(army) - Agricultural crops Beans, rice, onions, sorghum,
millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats,
poultry, cotton, and peanuts. - Economic specialization Traders, miners,
farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers - Famous People Sundiata, Mansa Musa
- People Happy. The common people worked very
hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made
time for music, art, and the griots. - Religion Nobles Muslims Common People - Many
gods and goddesses
12Songhai
- The empire of Songhay had its heyday from 1400's
through the late 1500's. - Major Export Gold
- Most Sought After Import Books
- Natural resource Fish, Niger River, Gold Mines,
Salt Mines - Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
(army) - Agricultural crops Beans, rice, onions, sorghum,
millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats,
poultry, cotton, and peanuts. - Economic specialization Fishermen, traders,
miners, farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers,
witchdoctors - Famous People Sonni Ali the Great
- People The common people worked very hard. The
nobles were more comfortable. - Religion Nobles Muslims Common People - Many
gods and goddesses
13Trade Routes Develop
- Camels (Ships of the Desert)
- Around 750 CE, Islamic traders began to use
camels to transports goods across the desert. - Camels were the perfect answer.
- Every trader knew his camels were the best!
Camels soon were nicknamed the "Ships of the
Desert".
14- The Trans-Sahara Trade Route
- Caravans of camels were loaded with trade goods.
(spices from India, iron tools and weapons from
Kush) - The day the first caravan of camels headed west
into the Sahara Desert was the day that marked
the opening of the Trans-Sahara Trade Route.
15Timbuktu
16Mansa Musa
- Create a Bio Board of Mansa Musa based on the
reading provided. - Must include a picture
- Must include important facts and dates
17Trading States Quiz
- What was the downfall to the Kingdom of Kush?
Explain how that caused their downfall. - What benefits were there to the trade between
African states? - Explain the Trans-Sahara Trade Route and its
importance. - Describe what Mansa Musa did for Africa.
- Explain why Timbuktu saved Northern Africa from
the Europeans.
18What do we know about slavery
19Questions to Ponder
- Captive Africans resisted slavery from the moment
they were first captured through their arrival
and existence on plantations in the New World.
Describe some of the ways they resisted. What
does mutiny mean? What part did mutinies play
in the slave trade? - How were slaves treated in the markets once they
arrived in the New World ? What do you suppose
was the most humiliating aspect of being sold as
a slave? - What did these captive Africans bring to the New
World? How did they help build the economy of
America?
20Questions to ponder
- How did African leaders work with European
slave-traders? What did the Europeans have that
the African leaders wanted? What role did
technology play ? How did this effect the balance
of power in the interior of Africa? - One historian says that the most significant
impact of the slave trade was the psychological
impact. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why
not?
21Slave Trade
22The Journey
- From the 1400s to 1800s, approximately 20 million
people were kidnapped from interior areas of
Africa and made to walk hundreds of miles to the
coast. - Those who survived the grueling hike -- only
about half -- then boarded ships that would take
as long as four months to sail the Atlantic Ocean
and deposit them as slaves in North America,
South America or the Caribbean.
23Why the Middle Passage?
1
3
2
24Effects of the Slave Trade
- European Presence in Africa leading to their
eventual overtaking/colonization of Africa. - African culture is changed at home and its
perception in the world is changed. - Trade Routes are changed and the distribution of
wealth is changed. - Destruction of the Western Coast deforestation
25What is Imperialism?
- The domination of a country by another country
- Political, Economic, and Cultural life is changed
and controlled
26How did it begin?
- The slave trade brought Europeans into Africa
- David Livingstone proved Africa to be a place for
more than just slaves gold, diamonds, natural
resources, etc. - King Leopold II of Belgium started imperialism
- Scramble for Africa European Countries race
to colonize Africa
27How did it begin?
- Explorers such as David Livingstone, John Speke,
Richard Burton, and Henry Stanley explored and
claimed the land for their mother country - Europeans had technological superiority THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Guns allowed Europe to conquer Africa from 1880
to 1890
28Motives of Europe 3 Gs
- 1 Need for raw materials and a market for
goods Industrial Revolution - 2 Nationalism (feelings of national pride)
sparked desire for an empire and to boost their
place in the world - 3 Power and Prestige
- 4 White Mans Burden to spread Christianity
to the natives
29Mad Scramble
- 1870s is when the scramble begins
- Gold discovered by Cecil Rhodes in Johannesburg
(S. Africa) - Europeans divide the continent amongst themselves
30The Scramble for Africa
- Which European nation controlled much of West
Africa? - In what period did southern Africa come under
European rule? - Which conclusion is accurate based on the
information in the map? - In 1900, only two nations in Africa remained
independent. - Germany and France controlled most of East
Africa. - The first colony seized by Britain was Uganda.
- The stiffest resistance to European rule occurred
in North Africa.
31Berlin Conference (1884-85)
- African Resistance to European Dominance
- Ethiopia and Liberia remained free for now
- Colonial regions we set up
- Great Britain and France largest Africa empires
- Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Germany got some
control - Tribal chiefs signed treatise relinquishing
control of people and land did not understand
what was being done to them
32The Struggle for South Africa
- Three groups of people engage in a struggle
local African groups, Dutch settlers known as
Boers, and the British - The Zulus (native African group) were expanding
south and the Boers were expanding north
conflict ensues for years - The British step in and the Zulus were defeated
eventually take over South Africa and setup their
own government which only allowed white people
the vote eventually the Boers controlled the
government
33How the Colonies were ruled
- Directly colonial power controlled the
government at every level - French
- Belgian
- Portuguese
- Indirectly left tradition rulers in place.
Officials made decisions, local rulers were
expected to enforce them - Great Britain
34Effects of European RuleNew political and
economic systems
- Discussion and consensus (Africa) vs. principles
of right and wrong (Europe) - Money economy is introduced to Africans
- Europeans required payment of taxes in money
rather than goods - Encouraged individual ownership of land
35How Imperialism Changed Africa
- Downgraded traditional African culture and
weakened family/tribal ties - Led to forced labor and abuses of human rights
- Created artificial boundaries that cut across
historical, ethnic, and cultural boundaries - Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition
36How Imperialism Changed Africa
- Expanded transportation and communication
opened remote areas - Increased agricultural production with new seeds
and fertilization (Green Revolution) - Created new educational and career opportunities
- Population explosion
37How Imperialism Changed Africa
- Increased production of cash crops need in Europe
(Africa became more dependent on importing food) - Exploited natural resources (minerals, lumber,
rubber) - By the mid 1960s most of Africa broke away and
was independent
38Imperialism Quiz
- 1 List three effects of Imperialism on Africa
- 2 Name three European countries that controlled
Africa - 3 Explain why Africa was ripe for the taking
- 4 Explain what the Berlin Conference was and
did - 5 What was the lasting effect of imperialism
that is still being felt today
39Independence
- Journal Entry 3
- You have been under the rule of the seniors for 1
year and then the annual competition between the
seniors and juniors begins. You are useful to
the seniors in the war and help them win the
competition. When the competition is over you
ask for some repayment of your services in the
form of freedom. Some of the seniors give you
some freedom and some refuse to hear your
requests. - One freshmen versus the whole senior class will
not work. What are your options, tools to resist
and what are your reactions?
40African Independence
- WWII breaks (1939-1945) out and European powers
ask African colonies to supply men for the war - After the War Africans do not want to suffer
under European rule any longer - After WWII Africans - Scramble for Independence
- Africa was very weak and needed strength in order
to push the Europeans back to Europe
41Effects of European Rule
- Colonial rule left Africa in a state of infancy
- Were not trained in how to run a government, just
told what to do - Were accustom to the European lifestyle, and
dependent upon it - Borders that were drawn by Europeans grouped
ethnic rivals together and separated ethnic
groups that were similar disunity
42Africa for Africans
- Unity before Independence
- Negritude Movement and Pan-Africanism develop
- Negritude Movement celebrate African culture,
heritage, and values through the arts - Pan-Africanism unity of all Africans
- Nationalism
43Independence?
- Without European guidance could Africa survive
in the world and could it progress with the world?
44How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
- Ghana (British) (Gold Coast former name)
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Nonviolent Independence movements
- 1957 independence gained
- Strong Start
- Gold, cocoa, diamonds
- 1966 Nkrumah ousted
- Since 1981 military rule/dictator
45How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
- Kenya (British)
- Jomo Kenyatta united the
- many different ethnic groups
- Mau Mau
- 1963 Independence
- Kenyatta President
- University students
- 1990s
- Mois
46How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
- Congo
- 1960 by Belgium
- Weak and unprepared
- Mobutu Sese Seko
- Wastes and steals
- money and resources
- Laurent Kabilia
47How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
- Algeria (French)
- Violent means to bring about freedom
- 1962 France gave independence
- Government tried to modernize and industrialize
- Islamic
- Civil War
48How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
- Angola (Portugal)
- 1975
- Couldnt afford
- Not prepared
- Rebel groups
- Soviet Union and Cuba
- USA
- NO strong government
49Independence Quiz
- 1 Explain the two means that African used to
seek independence - 2 What country was the first to receive
independence from Europe - 3 Explain how Europe turned Africans against
Africans in the fight for Independence - 4 What decade saw the most independent African
countries - 5 Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what did he do
50(No Transcript)
51(No Transcript)
52(No Transcript)
53Origins of Apartheid
- 1910 South Africa free
- But ruled by a white minority until 1994
- 1948 Nationalist party takes power in Africa
- Dutch Settlers
- Strong belief in white superiority
- Set up a system of rigid race separation
(apartheid)
54 55Logistics of Apartheid
- Categories
- White
- Black
- Coloured (mixed race)
- Asian
- Nonwhites could not vote, restricted to certain
areas to live and work - infertile - Separation of races/ethnic groups allowed each
group to develop its own culture
56Logistics of Apartheid
- Pass system All blacks living in town had to
carry to control their movement - Black schools, buses, restaurants, etc.
57Struggle Against
- Leaders of Nonviolence approach Albert Luthuli,
Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mendela, African
National Congress - Protests, demonstrations, rallies
- Government used violent means
- Sharpeville Massacre
- World Responds UN, USA, Olympics
- Embargos, banned, sanctions
58(No Transcript)
59The End
- Pass books, and restrictions slowly lifted
- 1989 President F.W. de Klerk
- 1990 New Constitution
- 1994 new elections
- Mandela President, 1994
60Effects of Apartheid
- People from rural areas are looking for work
high birthrate - People cannot afford to eat a balanced diet
- Smog from cars smoke from coal and wood fires
- Floods rainforest deforestation
- Unemployment chronic illness
- Poor sanitation lack of affordable healthcare
61Africa Today Summit
- Recovery
- Urbanization and Modernization
- Continent Unity
- International Ties
62Africas Challanges
- AIDS Epidemic
- Famine
- Status of Women
- Debt
- Civil War
- Genocide