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Early Kingdoms

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The Story of Nubia/Kush. Nubia (Land of Gold): The Kingdom of Kush (also called Nubia - the Land of Gold) Hey Day: Nubia was known as the Land of the Bow. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Early Kingdoms


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  • Early Kingdoms
  • Nile
  • Kush
  • Axum
  • Ghana
  • Mali
  • Songhai

3
Nile
  • Settled around the Nile river fertile soil
  • Egyptian Empire developed from here and expanded
    their power.
  • Trade, conquest brought cultural diffusions and
    advancements
  • Polytheistic, belief in the afterlife, pyramids,
    pharaohs, and hieroglyphics

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The Story of Nubia/Kush
  • Nubia (Land of Gold) The Kingdom of Kush (also
    called Nubia - the Land of Gold)
  • Hey Day Nubia was known as the Land of the Bow.
    Because their archers were expert and fierce.
  • Major Exports They had gold mines, ivory,
    incense, and iron ore.
  • Resources Unlike Egypt, in Nubia, they were not
    dependent upon the flooding of the Nile for good
    soil to grow crops and long growing seasons. They
    enjoyed tropical rainfall all year long.

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  • ExportsTrade was very important to Kush. They
    established flourishing ports on the Red Sea.
    They tried to work out trade agreements with
    Egypt that would allow them free access to the
    Mediterranean via the Nile River. Egyptians
    depended on Kush for iron, gold, and for exotic
    goods like incense and ebony. Kush wanted
    Egyptian manufactured goods, especially their
    cotton, an export for which Egypt is still famous
    today.
  • Industry As the demand for iron grew, Kush ran
    into a problem. To make iron, they needed to wood
    to burn. They had wood, lots of wood. But they
    burned so much wood in the process of making
    iron, and they used up supplies so fast, that the
    forests could not keep up.

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  • Kush looked around for new avenues of trade. They
    had incense. They had ivory. Certainly someone
    would want these wonderful products. The leaders
    of Kush began to turn their eyes towards the vast
    Sahara Desert. Whas it possible? Could they
    develop a trade route to the far away kings of
    which they had great things?

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Achievements
  • Developed their own religion and alphabets after
    the Egyptian gods and heiroglyphics
  • Learned to make iron weapons and tools
  • Wasted iron is still left in the capital city
    Meroe (in the ruins)
  • Trade Arabia, Egypt, Mediterranean, East
    Africa, and India

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Axum
  • Where?
  • South of Kushites, developed on the plateaus of
    Ethiopia
  • Power?
  • King Ezana conquered Kush (350 BC)
  • Achievements
  • Trading Empire close to the Red Sea allowed for
    great access and control of spices, gems and
    ivory to Egypt, Asia, and Arabia
  • Christianity one of the few African kingdoms to
    convert to Christianity, and became isolated
    later on by the Muslim dominated Africa

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Ghana
  • The kingdom of Ghana had its heyday from 900 CE
    through 1230 CE
  • Major Export Gold
  • Natural resource Niger River, Gold Mines
  • Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
    (army)
  • Agricultural crops Yams (sweet potatoes), beans,
    rice, onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds,
    cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and
    peanuts.
  • Economic specialization Traders, miners,
    farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers
  • Famous Ghanians Anansi the Spider, Griots
  • People Happy. The common people worked very
    hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made
    time for music, art, and the griots.
  • Religion Many gods and goddesses

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Mali
  • The empire of Mali had its heyday from 1200 CE
    through the late 1400's.
  • Major Export Gold
  • Natural resource Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt
    Mines
  • Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
    (army)
  • Agricultural crops Beans, rice, onions, sorghum,
    millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats,
    poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
  • Economic specialization Traders, miners,
    farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers
  • Famous People Sundiata, Mansa Musa
  • People Happy. The common people worked very
    hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made
    time for music, art, and the griots.
  • Religion Nobles Muslims Common People - Many
    gods and goddesses

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Songhai
  • The empire of Songhay had its heyday from 1400's
    through the late 1500's.
  • Major Export Gold
  • Most Sought After Import Books
  • Natural resource Fish, Niger River, Gold Mines,
    Salt Mines
  • Industries Farming, mining, trading, defense
    (army)
  • Agricultural crops Beans, rice, onions, sorghum,
    millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats,
    poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
  • Economic specialization Fishermen, traders,
    miners, farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers,
    witchdoctors
  • Famous People Sonni Ali the Great
  • People The common people worked very hard. The
    nobles were more comfortable.
  • Religion Nobles Muslims Common People - Many
    gods and goddesses

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Trade Routes Develop
  • Camels (Ships of the Desert)
  • Around 750 CE, Islamic traders began to use
    camels to transports goods across the desert.
  • Camels were the perfect answer.
  • Every trader knew his camels were the best!
    Camels soon were nicknamed the "Ships of the
    Desert".

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  • The Trans-Sahara Trade Route
  • Caravans of camels were loaded with trade goods.
    (spices from India, iron tools and weapons from
    Kush)
  • The day the first caravan of camels headed west
    into the Sahara Desert was the day that marked
    the opening of the Trans-Sahara Trade Route.

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Timbuktu
  • Where
  • What
  • How
  • Whom

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Mansa Musa
  • Create a Bio Board of Mansa Musa based on the
    reading provided.
  • Must include a picture
  • Must include important facts and dates

17
Trading States Quiz
  • What was the downfall to the Kingdom of Kush?
    Explain how that caused their downfall.
  • What benefits were there to the trade between
    African states?
  • Explain the Trans-Sahara Trade Route and its
    importance.
  • Describe what Mansa Musa did for Africa.
  • Explain why Timbuktu saved Northern Africa from
    the Europeans.

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What do we know about slavery

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Questions to Ponder
  • Captive Africans resisted slavery from the moment
    they were first captured through their arrival
    and existence on plantations in the New World.
    Describe some of the ways they resisted. What
    does mutiny mean? What part did mutinies play
    in the slave trade?
  • How were slaves treated in the markets once they
    arrived in the New World ? What do you suppose
    was the most humiliating aspect of being sold as
    a slave?
  • What did these captive Africans bring to the New
    World? How did they help build the economy of
    America?

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Questions to ponder
  • How did African leaders work with European
    slave-traders? What did the Europeans have that
    the African leaders wanted? What role did
    technology play ? How did this effect the balance
    of power in the interior of Africa?
  • One historian says that the most significant
    impact of the slave trade was the psychological
    impact. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why
    not?

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Slave Trade
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The Journey
  • From the 1400s to 1800s, approximately 20 million
    people were kidnapped from interior areas of
    Africa and made to walk hundreds of miles to the
    coast.
  • Those who survived the grueling hike -- only
    about half -- then boarded ships that would take
    as long as four months to sail the Atlantic Ocean
    and deposit them as slaves in North America,
    South America or the Caribbean.

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Why the Middle Passage?
1
3
2
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Effects of the Slave Trade
  • European Presence in Africa leading to their
    eventual overtaking/colonization of Africa.
  • African culture is changed at home and its
    perception in the world is changed.
  • Trade Routes are changed and the distribution of
    wealth is changed.
  • Destruction of the Western Coast deforestation

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What is Imperialism?
  • The domination of a country by another country
  • Political, Economic, and Cultural life is changed
    and controlled

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How did it begin?
  • The slave trade brought Europeans into Africa
  • David Livingstone proved Africa to be a place for
    more than just slaves gold, diamonds, natural
    resources, etc.
  • King Leopold II of Belgium started imperialism
  • Scramble for Africa European Countries race
    to colonize Africa

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How did it begin?
  • Explorers such as David Livingstone, John Speke,
    Richard Burton, and Henry Stanley explored and
    claimed the land for their mother country
  • Europeans had technological superiority THE
    INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  • Guns allowed Europe to conquer Africa from 1880
    to 1890

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Motives of Europe 3 Gs
  • 1 Need for raw materials and a market for
    goods Industrial Revolution
  • 2 Nationalism (feelings of national pride)
    sparked desire for an empire and to boost their
    place in the world
  • 3 Power and Prestige
  • 4 White Mans Burden to spread Christianity
    to the natives

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Mad Scramble
  • 1870s is when the scramble begins
  • Gold discovered by Cecil Rhodes in Johannesburg
    (S. Africa)
  • Europeans divide the continent amongst themselves

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The Scramble for Africa
  • Which European nation controlled much of West
    Africa?
  • In what period did southern Africa come under
    European rule?
  • Which conclusion is accurate based on the
    information in the map?
  • In 1900, only two nations in Africa remained
    independent.
  • Germany and France controlled most of East
    Africa.
  • The first colony seized by Britain was Uganda.
  • The stiffest resistance to European rule occurred
    in North Africa.

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Berlin Conference (1884-85)
  • African Resistance to European Dominance
  • Ethiopia and Liberia remained free for now
  • Colonial regions we set up
  • Great Britain and France largest Africa empires
  • Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Germany got some
    control
  • Tribal chiefs signed treatise relinquishing
    control of people and land did not understand
    what was being done to them

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The Struggle for South Africa
  • Three groups of people engage in a struggle
    local African groups, Dutch settlers known as
    Boers, and the British
  • The Zulus (native African group) were expanding
    south and the Boers were expanding north
    conflict ensues for years
  • The British step in and the Zulus were defeated
    eventually take over South Africa and setup their
    own government which only allowed white people
    the vote eventually the Boers controlled the
    government

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How the Colonies were ruled
  • Directly colonial power controlled the
    government at every level
  • French
  • Belgian
  • Portuguese
  • Indirectly left tradition rulers in place.
    Officials made decisions, local rulers were
    expected to enforce them
  • Great Britain

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Effects of European RuleNew political and
economic systems
  • Discussion and consensus (Africa) vs. principles
    of right and wrong (Europe)
  • Money economy is introduced to Africans
  • Europeans required payment of taxes in money
    rather than goods
  • Encouraged individual ownership of land

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How Imperialism Changed Africa
  1. Downgraded traditional African culture and
    weakened family/tribal ties
  2. Led to forced labor and abuses of human rights
  3. Created artificial boundaries that cut across
    historical, ethnic, and cultural boundaries
  4. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

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How Imperialism Changed Africa
  1. Expanded transportation and communication
    opened remote areas
  2. Increased agricultural production with new seeds
    and fertilization (Green Revolution)
  3. Created new educational and career opportunities
  4. Population explosion

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How Imperialism Changed Africa
  1. Increased production of cash crops need in Europe
    (Africa became more dependent on importing food)
  2. Exploited natural resources (minerals, lumber,
    rubber)
  3. By the mid 1960s most of Africa broke away and
    was independent

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Imperialism Quiz
  • 1 List three effects of Imperialism on Africa
  • 2 Name three European countries that controlled
    Africa
  • 3 Explain why Africa was ripe for the taking
  • 4 Explain what the Berlin Conference was and
    did
  • 5 What was the lasting effect of imperialism
    that is still being felt today

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Independence
  • Journal Entry 3
  • You have been under the rule of the seniors for 1
    year and then the annual competition between the
    seniors and juniors begins. You are useful to
    the seniors in the war and help them win the
    competition. When the competition is over you
    ask for some repayment of your services in the
    form of freedom. Some of the seniors give you
    some freedom and some refuse to hear your
    requests.
  • One freshmen versus the whole senior class will
    not work. What are your options, tools to resist
    and what are your reactions?

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African Independence
  • WWII breaks (1939-1945) out and European powers
    ask African colonies to supply men for the war
  • After the War Africans do not want to suffer
    under European rule any longer
  • After WWII Africans - Scramble for Independence
  • Africa was very weak and needed strength in order
    to push the Europeans back to Europe

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Effects of European Rule
  • Colonial rule left Africa in a state of infancy
  • Were not trained in how to run a government, just
    told what to do
  • Were accustom to the European lifestyle, and
    dependent upon it
  • Borders that were drawn by Europeans grouped
    ethnic rivals together and separated ethnic
    groups that were similar disunity

42
Africa for Africans
  • Unity before Independence
  • Negritude Movement and Pan-Africanism develop
  • Negritude Movement celebrate African culture,
    heritage, and values through the arts
  • Pan-Africanism unity of all Africans
  • Nationalism

43
Independence?
  • Without European guidance could Africa survive
    in the world and could it progress with the world?

44
How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
  • Ghana (British) (Gold Coast former name)
  • Kwame Nkrumah
  • Nonviolent Independence movements
  • 1957 independence gained
  • Strong Start
  • Gold, cocoa, diamonds
  • 1966 Nkrumah ousted
  • Since 1981 military rule/dictator

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
  • Kenya (British)
  • Jomo Kenyatta united the
  • many different ethnic groups
  • Mau Mau
  • 1963 Independence
  • Kenyatta President
  • University students
  • 1990s
  • Mois

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
  • Congo
  • 1960 by Belgium
  • Weak and unprepared
  • Mobutu Sese Seko
  • Wastes and steals
  • money and resources
  • Laurent Kabilia

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
  • Algeria (French)
  • Violent means to bring about freedom
  • 1962 France gave independence
  • Government tried to modernize and industrialize
  • Islamic
  • Civil War

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How was Independence Gained A look at 4
countrys struggles
  • Angola (Portugal)
  • 1975
  • Couldnt afford
  • Not prepared
  • Rebel groups
  • Soviet Union and Cuba
  • USA
  • NO strong government

49
Independence Quiz
  • 1 Explain the two means that African used to
    seek independence
  • 2 What country was the first to receive
    independence from Europe
  • 3 Explain how Europe turned Africans against
    Africans in the fight for Independence
  • 4 What decade saw the most independent African
    countries
  • 5 Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what did he do

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Origins of Apartheid
  • 1910 South Africa free
  • But ruled by a white minority until 1994
  • 1948 Nationalist party takes power in Africa
  • Dutch Settlers
  • Strong belief in white superiority
  • Set up a system of rigid race separation
    (apartheid)

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Logistics of Apartheid
  • Categories
  • White
  • Black
  • Coloured (mixed race)
  • Asian
  • Nonwhites could not vote, restricted to certain
    areas to live and work - infertile
  • Separation of races/ethnic groups allowed each
    group to develop its own culture

56
Logistics of Apartheid
  • Pass system All blacks living in town had to
    carry to control their movement
  • Black schools, buses, restaurants, etc.

57
Struggle Against
  • Leaders of Nonviolence approach Albert Luthuli,
    Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mendela, African
    National Congress
  • Protests, demonstrations, rallies
  • Government used violent means
  • Sharpeville Massacre
  • World Responds UN, USA, Olympics
  • Embargos, banned, sanctions

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The End
  • Pass books, and restrictions slowly lifted
  • 1989 President F.W. de Klerk
  • 1990 New Constitution
  • 1994 new elections
  • Mandela President, 1994

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Effects of Apartheid
  • People from rural areas are looking for work
    high birthrate
  • People cannot afford to eat a balanced diet
  • Smog from cars smoke from coal and wood fires
  • Floods rainforest deforestation
  • Unemployment chronic illness
  • Poor sanitation lack of affordable healthcare

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Africa Today Summit
  • Recovery
  • Urbanization and Modernization
  • Continent Unity
  • International Ties

62
Africas Challanges
  • AIDS Epidemic
  • Famine
  • Status of Women
  • Debt
  • Civil War
  • Genocide
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