Drying

1
Drying

• Wood drying should be used seasoning for
  decreasing moisture content in wood lesser than
  30 for 1 month, then drying with kiln drying
  for 1 month.
• Lumber should be control drying at surface, not
  rapidity dried.
• If moisture content in wood and surface of wood
  are difference more than 5 , wood stress due to
  wood failure, e.g. bow, case hardening, and
  honeycombing.

2
Drying

• But some wood failure occurred from natural
  property of wood, e.g. grain and age,
• that fast growing species such as Eucalyptus and
  SaDuaTium, due to stress in wood, emphasize high
  growth stress of young tree.
• That is easily the end split.
• Therefore, the end of lumber should be printcoat
  for decreased evaporate moisture from wood.
• In addition to, piling should be used stick at
  the end of lumber and pressed on the top by
  weight.

3
III. Processing and Utilization

• 1. Primary processing
• 1.1 Sawing
• 1.2 Wood preservation
• 2. Secondary processing
• 2.1 Furniture manufacturing
• 2.2 Wood-based panels manufacturing
• 2.3 Pulp and paper manufacturing
• 2.4 Charcoal production

4
Furniture

• 1) Stable furniture or Furnished furniture
• 2) Knock down furniture

• 1) Usage skilled labor more than unskilled labor
• 2) Manufacturing by machine
• 3) Manufacturing by machine more than skilled
  labor

5
Wood-based panels

• - Veneer and plywood
• - Composite board
• - Fiberboard
• - Particleboard
• - Wood cement board

6
Veneer and plywood

• The shortage of large log, due to some factory
  changed peeling machine from 8 ft. to 4 ft.
  length and slicing machine for the thinnest
  veneer, 0.1 mm. thickness.
• Some factory imported log for veneer production
  and re-export or overlay on wood products of
  factory.

7
Composite board

• Flooring (parquet and mosaic parquet) and block
  board are common technology.
• by finger joint technique.
• Raw materials are Teak and Eucalyptus from
  plantation, rejected wood in flooring production
  20-25 and 50-60 , respectively.
• Colour coating need to production because of
  still sapwood (cream colour), that difference
  from heartwood (dark colour).

8
Fiberboard

• Hardboard and Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF).
• All of Hardboard in Thailand produce with wet
  process.
• Raw materials of Hardboard are Eucalyptus and
  wood from plantation e.g. KraTinTaPa (Acacia sp.)
  and also Bagasse.
• Raw materials of MDF are Rubberwood, Eucalyptus,
  KraTinTaPa, and Bagasse (MDF, which Bagasse used
  the first factory of the world).

9
Particleboard

• Particleboard used as raw material for
  construction and furniture production because of
  decreasing of solid wood and logging ban in 1989.
  Due to particleboard used increasing in wood
  working.
• Extruded pressed processing used only one
  factory. Another factory used platen pressed
  processing.
• Raw materials are Rubberwood, Eucalyptus and
  Bagasse. 3 layers sheet, 12 and 16 mm. thickness,
  is characteristically of particleboard in
  Thailand.

10
Wood cement board

• Raw material of Wood Wool Cement Board is
  SomPhong (Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br.), import
  from Myanmar, today.

Wood Cement Particleboard produced from
Eucalyptus.
Wood Cement Fiberboard, plank for wall house,
produced from cement approximately 90 and
recovered paper approximately 10 with mixed a
little asbestos.
11
Pulp and paper

• Raw materials non-wood (e.g. Straw, Bamboo,
  Kenaf and Bagasse) and wood (Eucalyptus).
• That is short fiber, so Thailand must imported
  long fiber and also recovered paper.

12

• All pulp factories produce with chemical process
  except one factory produced pulp with
  semichemical process yield approximately 45 .
• The products are kraft paper 50 and other
  papers printing-writing paper, paperboard,
  newsprint paper, household and sanitary paper etc.

13
Charcoal

• Its produced with soil or rice husk mound and
  mud beehive.
• Commercial charcoal produced usually with brick
  beehive.

Now, lapwood of Eucalyptus from plantation
widespread produced charcoal and briquett for
export. In addition to, activated carbon produced
from charcoal for industry.
14

• Each year, Thailand has consumption charcoal 3
  million kg. Demand of charcoal for export is
  large scale.

• Recovery rate of charcoal production is 30-35
  of wood at oven dry weight.
• Pile of Eucalyptus 1 cu.m. can be produced
  charcoal 120 kg. Heat value of Eucalyptus
  charcoal is 7.35 kg.cal/g.
• The highest heat value is charcoal from KongKang
  (Rhizophora sp.), 7.50 kg.cal./g.

15
IV. Markets and Socio-Economics

• Wood consumption in Thailand is about 3-4 million
  cu.m./year.
• Imported wood and wood products (1999)

• 1. Log 0.47 million cu.m. cost 80.8 million and
  sawntimber 1.25 million cu.m. cost 169.9
  million.
• 2. Wood productions plywood, particleboard,
  fiberboard, parquet, fuelwood, charcoal,
  furniture, door, window, etc total cost 28.9
  million.
• 3. Pulp 438,525 tons of total cost 177.5
  million.
• 4. Paper 365,208 tons of total cost 362.8
  million.

16
IV. Markets and Socio-Economics

• The averaged increasing of Thailands population
  is 1.2 per year. In 1985, Thailand has 53
  million populations and increased to 61 million
  in 1999,
• therefore, the demand in wood and wood products
  consumption increased every year.
• The countrys capacity to produce and reforest
  cannot meet the demand so the price of wood and
  wood products still high.

17
Sawmills and Wood working factories
LOCATION
Northeastern region 10
Bangkok 38
Southern region 10
Total 6,911 factories, 6,342 of furniture
factories
Northern region 8
Central region 33
SIZE OF FACTORY
89 of these factories are the small factory, 10
of medium factories and only 1 of the large
factories.
18
Investment and Labors

• The capital investment cost 1,085 million,
  which 176,000 labors were employed.
• 262 of 2,692 furniture factories are the
  factories which used Rubberwood for furniture
  production and employ 68,992 labors.

19
Eucalyptus wood marketing

• Eucalyptus aged 5 years gave wood 16.65 tons/rai.
  
• The total capital were 8,140 baht/rai.
• The selling price of log was 850 baht/ton, thus,
  the income was 14,152 baht and the net profit was
  6,012 baht,
• that the averaged income per year total 1,200
  baht/rai.

20
The price of the thinning teak wood

• from the FIO (Forest Industry Organizaion)
• at girth 30-140 cm. and 2-6 m. length will cost
  2,100-18,400 baht/cu.m.

21
Import and export Thailands wood products for
the wood industry

• 1. Lumber Industry
• 2. Furniture Industry
• 3. Wood products industry for household
• 4. Pulp and paper industry

22
Lumber Industry
In 1999, the imported value cost 51.11 million.
The important to import lumber are ASEAN (80 ),
U.S.A. (12 ), European Union (2 ), and other
countries (6 ).
OTHERS (6 )
E.U. (2 )
U.S.A. (12 )
ASEAN (80 )
23
Lumber Industry
The exported value was 103.23 million, the
important country to export were Japan (22 ),
ASEAN (15 ), European Union (11 ) and U.S.A. (4
).
Japan (22 )
E.U. (11 )
U.S.A. (4 )
ASEAN (15 )
24
Furniture Industry
In 1998, the total exported furniture value was
434.92 million, 60 of Rubberwood furniture, 30
of particleboard and MDF furniture and 10 of
hardwood furniture.
JAPAN (43 )
OTHERS (8 )
E.U. (11 )
U.S.A. (36 )
ASEAN (2 )
25
Wood products industry for household
The import value in 1989 were 34.88 million by
import plywood, veneer and other products
JAPAN (2 )
OTHERS (23 )
E.U. (16 )
U.S.A. (6 )
ASEAN (52 )
26
Wood products industry for household
The export, in 1989, were 293.21 million
JAPAN (14 )
OTHERS (11 )
E.U. (30 )
U.S.A. (44 )
ASEAN (1 )
The handicraft such as the plates produced from
Rubberwood, the decoration frame, carved wood,
which always produced from Mango wood and
Teak. The exported were 80 and used in domestic
only 20 .
27
Pulp and paper industry
JAPAN (1 )
E.U. (18 )
U.S.A. (3 )
ASEAN (27 )
The value of thailands export pulp, paper, and
paper products such as household and sanitary
paper were 463.58 million,
28
Pulp and paper industry

• Thailand have of import pulp especially long
  fiber from U.S.A., Canada, and Africa total value
  cost 168.95 million
• and also import paperboard, box, kraft paper,
  printing-writing paper, newsprint paper, and
  sanitary paper etc.
• In 1988, the total value were 35.92 million.

29
V. Policy and Legislation

• 1. Forestry Act
• 2. National Forest Policy
• 3. Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan
• 4. Funding support
• 5. The composed cooperatives
• 6. Reformation in the Industrial Structure
• 7. Tariff measurement

30
1. Forestry Act

• The Forestry Act 1941 for protect the selection
  cutting and illegal logging. The mentioned law
  did not support to the present wood industry
  development.
• The act improvement is quite difficult and more
  complex, thus the promulgated the new act is the
  success way, for example The Forest Plantation
  Act 1992

31
2. National Forest Policy

• Created in 1983 for the long term in forest
  resources management and development were
  concerned about this issue
• - government organization, private and community
  sector
• - wood industry
• - reforestation, plantation
• - etc

32
3. Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan

• formulated during 1990-1993 by the technical
  assistant of the Finland government.
• for solving the problem of the short of wood and
  strengthen the confidence on the raw materials by
  the management of forest plantation, community
  forest and private forest. (within 2010)

33
4. Funding support

• from the Agriculture and Cooperatives Bank and
  the Japan Oversea Economic Cooperative Funding
  (OECF)
• but the rules and conditions is complex
• In conclusion, the funding which the farmer
  received was only 3,000 baht/rai from the Farmer
  Extension for Forest Plantation Project.

34
5. The composed cooperatives

• For the forest plantation farmer to compose and
  set the cooperatives in each province.
• The targets of the cooperatives are for log
  selling and wood industries for producing to
  support domestic demand and export.
• There are 30 cooperatives, at present (Thailand
  has 76 provinces).

35
6. Reformation in the Industrial Structure

• The Ministry of Industry hold a meeting to
  discuss for the new structure of Thailand
  industry
• For the problems and create the strategies on
  Thailands wood products and furniture industry

36
7. Tariff measurement

• The tariff measurement appointed the tax of
  exported log and lumber 40 , and 10 for the
  unsuitable wood for wood production.
• The imported wood products can be locally
  produced is 20 and 10 of them which cannot
  locally produced.

37
VI. Institutional Capacity

• 1. Planning sector
• 1.1 The National Research Council of Thailand
• 1.2 The Forestry Research Office
• 2. Operating sector
• 2.1 Forest Products RD Division (FPRD)
• 2.2 Kasetsart University (KU)
• 2.2.1 Forest Products Division, Faculty of
  Forestry
• 2.2.2 Pulp/paper and Wood Composites Research
  Unit

38
National Research Council of Thailand

• For the National Research in 4 directions
• 1) self dependence country
• 2) improvement in productivity and value added
• 3) improvement in quality of life, social, and
  environment
• 4) information reception in country ability

39
Forestry Research Office

• 3 policy of planning in RD as follows
• 1) forest conservation and protection plan
• 2) forest resource processing and utilization
  plan
• 3) sustainable forestry management plan
• Wood utilization program is appointed for the
  purpose of developing new efficient technology
  for local wood sp. instead of imported wood.

40
Forest Products RD Division (FPRD)

• FPRD is directly responsible to study to
  products
• - properties of wood,
• - wood products,
• - wood and non-wood industry,
• - non-wood utilization,
• - other materials instead of wood,
• - energy from wood or residual agriculture.

41
Kasetsart University (KU)

• 2.2.1 Forest Products Division, Faculty of
  Forestry
• the majority to produce graduate in wood industry
  for government office and emphasize wood
  industrial company.
• graduated of wood science and technology. And
  start up in this year for graduated of pulp and
  paper technology

42
Pulp/paper and Wood Composites Research Unit

• supported by Japan International Cooperation
  Agency (JICA).
• Study to wood and residual agriculture,
  developing new technology for pulp and paper, and
  wood composite board.

43
Company of wood industry

• has RD unit, only large factory.
• The main target of study for received product
  standard and decrease production cost.
• Some issue they study with FPRD and KU.

44
VII. Overview and Conclusion

• THAILAND
• area 51,311,502 hectares
• population 61.7 million.
• Forest area 12,972,200 hectares (25.28 )
• to increase forest lands to 40
• wood consumption is 0.2 cu.m./year/person or
  12.34 million cu.m./year.
• logging ban in 1989,
• imported wood and wood products over than 800
  million.

45
VII. Overview and Conclusion

• Wood shortage is still a major problem for
  related industries.
• At present, there is an attempt to develop
• Rubberwood species for timber,
• high yield of fiber from Eucalyptus, including to
  add more value for wood from plantation to
  furniture and flooring industries.
• Teak from thinning period is found to be too
  small and low recovery rate

46
VII. Overview and Conclusion

• Thailand has a privilege for plantation due to
  its location.
• Only 4-6 years for fast growing species and 30-40
  years for normal trees, harvesting can be done

47
Model of Wood Utilization

• The best way to use a tree is to consider how to
  efficiently use every part of the tree such as
  root, stump, log and branches, which
  manufacturing process has to be employed. Wood
  may be dried and preserved to make it strong and
  last longer time.
• Lapwood can be used for tools, wood products,
  parquet, woodfuel, charcoal and chipwood. Stumps
  and branches can be used as woodfuel and
  chipwood, as well, for large scale of industries
  of wood chemical products, pulp and paper,
  fiberboard, which made from chipwood through
  defibration process. Chipwood, also can be
  dissolved into particle, without defibrator,
  mixed with resin and cement for particleboard and
  wood cement board, respectively.
• Timber can be added for highest value by using as
  veneer or plywood. Core and lapwood from the
  veneer process can be used as chipwood. Moreover
  some parts of wood from the process can be raw
  material for carving as well. Small log can be
  used as poles for construction.
• As mentioned above, the uses of wood will be
  efficient and intelligent if there are industries
  to support or so called Integrated Wood
  Industries.

48
Model of Wood Utilization
49
VII. Overview and Conclusion

• Due to economic crisis in Thailand, last 5 years
  there was decreasing of wood and wood products.
• On the other hand export of such was increasing.
• This may be results from industrial and economic
  reform.

50
VII. Overview and Conclusion

• At present,
• there is a concept to encourage local people to
  live on their feet.
• The attitudes of using local products or their
  household products are arising.
• The government has also launched a campaign
  namely One village, one product to promote
  indigenous knowledge to create their own specific
  product.

51
VII. Overview and Conclusion

• For International Role on wood industry,
• Thailand has joined the Commission on Sustainable
  Development (CSD) to pursue sustainable wood
  industries and make an agreement done on February
  1997 in New York,
• following the proposal of Open-ended adhoc
  Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) to
  conduct sustainable forest management for wood
  industry in all aspect
• business, environment, products and services from
  the forest.

52
THANK YOUFROMTHAILAND