Challenges of Engineering Education

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Low Carbon Technologies for Energy Sector
Dr. V K Sethi , Director UIT, RGPV Bhopal

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Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9 requires
that by the year 2012, we would need an installed
capacity over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the
level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or Terra
Watt This poses a Terra watt challenges for
India.
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Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by
Developing world

• Quest for increased Generation capacity -
  Terawatt Challenge
• Climate Change
• - rising GHG level
• Continued focus on coal based generation

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Climate Change - rising GHG level

• Green House Gas level rise from a current level
  of 390 ppm and consequent climate change,
  floods and draughts has affected 260 million
  people between 2000 and 2004 through natural
  calamities of these, 98 were in developing
  nations.
• Developed countries with population of
  15 of world population have the share of CO2
  emissions at 50.
• There is so much momentum in the system that
  we will certainly double CO2 level by end of
  the century.
• Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will
  cause displacement of over 330 million people
  in developing world.

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• World Green House inventory is over 29,000
  Million tones per annum (MTPA) with US over 20
  (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is
  only at 4.8 .)
• Coal is going to remain main stay for power
  generation in at least next Three decades for
  India (92,157 MW Coal based generation out of
  1,43,311 MW total power installed capacity)

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• Therefore there is Global Tri-lima. The country
  is thus facing
• Quest for increased generation.
• Dependence on Coal based generation.
• Climate change due to rising GHG level.
• Solution lies in
• Adoption of Green Power Technologies
• Low Carbon/ No Carbon technologies Clean Coal
  Technologies
• Development of Carbon capture Sequestration
  technologies

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The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
has confirmed

• The temperature of the earths surface has
  increased by 0.76C over the past century.
• It is very likely (more than 90 probability)
  that most of this global warming was due to
  increased GHGs(green house gases ), resulting
  from human activity.
• Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were
  among the 12 warmest years on the instrumental
  record of global surface temperature.
• Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has
  declined in both the hemispheres.

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The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
has also confirmed
The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
has also confirmed

• Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps
  have contributed to sea level rise.
• At continental, regional and oceans basin scales,
  numerous long term changes in climate have been
  observed. These include changes in Arctic
  temperatures and ice precipitation amount, ocean
  salinity, wind patterns, and aspects of extreme
  weather including droughts, heavy precipitation,
  heat waves, and the intensity of tropical
  cyclones.
• Temperature is projected to increase further
  during the 21st century. The extent of change
  will be determined by how much more GHGs we
  introduce in the atmosphere. Best estimate
  regarding the future changes in climate by 2099
  for low scenario is 1.8 and for high scenario is
  4.0.

• Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps
  have contributed to sea level rise.
• At continental, regional and oceans basin scales,
  numerous long term changes in climate have been
  observed. These include changes in Arctic
  temperatures and ice precipitation amount, ocean
  salinity, wind patterns, and aspects of extreme
  weather including droughts, heavy precipitation,
  heat waves, and the intensity of tropical
  cyclones.
• Temperature is projected to increase further
  during the 21st century. The extent of change
  will be determined by how much more GHGs we
  introduce in the atmosphere. Best estimate
  regarding the future changes in climate by 2099
  for low scenario is 1.8 and for high scenario is
  4.0.

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INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB BY 2010

• POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY
• 1,43,311 MW 600 Billion kWh per annum
• TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION BY 2010
• Central 46,500 MW
• State IPP 41,800 MW
• NCES 10,700 MW
• Nuclear 6,400 MW
• Total 105,400 MW
• BY 2010 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY
• Over 1000 Billion kWh
• THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit)
• GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010

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Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy
Environment

• A terawatt Challenge of 2010 for India
• To give over one billion people in India the
  minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2010, we
  need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
  equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per
  day) and 1 TW by 2040,primarily through Advanced
  fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting
  GHG emission levels
• By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak
  in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green
  Thermal Power
• Thermal 326,000MW
• Renewable Hydro 104,000 MW
• Nuclear 20,000 MW
• Total 450,000 MW

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Energy Security Indian Perspective

• AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR
• Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
  Technology.
• Promote CCT in countries like India China
  where coal is main stay fuel for Power
  Generation.
• Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy
  Generating Systems.
• Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil
  Fuel Technology.
• Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
  Rural Sector

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POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

•  Installed capacity in Utilities as on April
  07
• 
  1, 43,311 MW
• Thermal Installed Capacity92,157 MW
• (Coal 70,618 MW, Gas 14,582 MW, Diesel 1202
  MW Others- cogen etc.)
• Hydro Power 35,909 MW
• Nuclear Power 4120 MW
• Renewable Energy Sources 11,125 MW
• Electric Demand..7-8 growth
• Peak Energy Shortage..16.7 12.1
• Capacity Addition in 11th Plan80,020 MW

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INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER
DEVELOPMENT

• Total Installed Capacity 1,43,311 MW
• Thermal Generation over 66
• Although no GHG reduction targets for India but
  taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy
  Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal
  beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization
• Under Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism
  (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation,
  while promoting sustainable development as per
  Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

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FRONTALS IN ENERGY ENVIRONMENT

• GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES PRIMARILY THE
• CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES, SUPERCRICAL - FOR
  ULTRA MEGA PROJECTS OF 4000 MW CAPACITY.
• ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER
  PLANTS INDUSTRIAL SECTOR.
• AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
• 50,000 MW HYDRO INITIATIVE
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR
• FRESH LOOK ON OUR NUCLEAR POWER POLICY
  ACCELERATED GROWTH OF FAST BREEDER REACTORS BASED
  ON THORIUM.
• THRUST ON COAL WASHRIES IGCC TECH

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Low Carbon Economy on Sustainable Path

• Combating Climate Change Natures Fury
• Solar for irrigation
• High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
• Hydrogen as Fuel for future
• Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear
  Reactor
• Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
• Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
• Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
  by2030
• .Reference Address by President of India 14th
  Aug 2005

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Energy for the Earth Planet- Some issues

• World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US -
  about 3TW, India - 0.12 TW) today to support 10
  billion world population (Equivalent to230
  million barrels of oil /day)
• By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. Thus
  the world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2
  energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid
  century.
• Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
  solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
  challenge and at the same time contribute to the
  reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
  TW of global incident sunlight.

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Energy for the Earth Planet- Some issuesContd.

• Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the
  atmosphere during 21st century turn on the
  viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2
  capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers, to
  stay for millennia.
• In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a
  decade from Breeder Nuclear , CCTs and
  Renewables.
• Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this
  challenge.

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Prime Clean Coal Technology Options

• Supercritical Power Plants
• Integrated Gasification Combined
• Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
• Circulating Fluidized Bed
• Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

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Zero Emission Technology (ZET)

• This Technology Combines and Forms a
  Part of
• Clean Coal Technologies
• Solid to liquid fuel technology
• GHG mitigation technology
• Clean Development Mechanism for power sector
• Non-CFC Refrigerant and Non-CFC Aerosol
  Propellant Technology
• Clean Aviation Fuel or ATF for aircraft
• Substitute LPG for domestic use.

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NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW)
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Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options

• World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US -
  about 3TW, India - 0.12 TW) today to support 10
  billion world population. This is Equivalent
  to230 million barrels of oil /day.
• By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The
  world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to
  stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.
• Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
  solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
  challenge and at the same time contribute to the
  reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
  TW of global incident sunlight.

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Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2
OptionsContd.

• Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the
  atmosphere during 21st century turn on the
  viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2
  capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers, to
  stay for millennia.
• In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a
  decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal
  Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables.
• Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this
  challenge.

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MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

• Technology Breakthroughs in areas like CO2
  capture Clean Coal Technologies
• Low cost Solar Photo Voltaic Cells.
• Energy efficiency on top of the agenda.
• Carbon trading in all Major Industries.
• Future funding in Clean Technologies.
• Evolving Base line methodologies for variety of
  Green Clean technologies.

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Green Energy solutions

• Promote CCT in countries like India China
  where coal is main stay fuel for Power
  Generation.
• Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology
• Energy Farming
• Energy Efficiency
• Major shift towards Green Technologies
• Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
  Rural Sector

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Issues before the house

• Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2
  capture and Clean Coal Technologies
• Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells
• Bringing Energy Efficiency Energy Conservation
  on the top of the National Agenda
• Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of
  Energy Efficiency and Green Environment
  initiatives.

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• Energy conservation along with
  low-or-no- carbon energy sources is the key to
  dealing with the global warming problem.
• All alternative sources such as Biomass,
  Geothermal, Tidal, Solar and Wind will meet
  only a quarter of projected demand for
  electricity by 2050 for supporting 10 billion
  world populations.
• Though there are differing opinions of some
  technologists who favour nuclear fission, the
  only long term viable source of energy is thermo
  nuclear fusion. If there is any chance of
  Helium-3 fusion becoming a practical reality by
  2050, we must better start now.

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• There is serious under investment today in basic
  low carbon energy technologies such as
  photovoltaic materials for cost effective Solar
  Cells, membrane materials for better fuel cells
  and wide band-gap semiconductors for power
  electronics.
• Capacity addition targets of no-carbon sources
  comprise of 6400 MW through Nuclear and 10700 MW
  through non-conventional sources by 2012. These
  are encouraging steps of Government of India.
• Major thrust in CO2 reduction in long term and
  sustainable basis world came through adoption of
  advanced technologies of Coal utilization for
  power generation like Supercritical/
  Ultra-supercritical power cycle, Integrated
  Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), Fluidized bed
  combustion/Gasification and so on.

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• Revamping of old polluting power plants and
  achieving energy conversion efficiencies in the
  range of 40-45 by 2010 is the need of the hour.
• India joined hands with global community of 16
  countries in RD efforts through Carbon
  Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) in June
  2003 and signed the charter.

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• Indias position with regard to Carbon Capture
  Storage (CCS) is very clear. We dont make any
  commitment at this stage regarding deployment of
  CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly
  the Carbon Capture Sequestration.
• Some of the demo pilot projects include.
• - Pilot project on Geological CO2
  sequestration in basalt rock formation. The
  question of adoption of CCS will depend on this
  technology being cost effective.
• -Projects under DST sponsored National Program
  on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

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• A Large number of projects are in different
  stages under NPCS through the country.
• India has also joined Methane to Markets
  Partnership along with Argentina, Brazil, China,
  Columbia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia,
  Ukraine, UK in November 2004, for
  Hydro- gasification of Coal Biomass
• India has also collaborated with Canada, EU
  countries, Japan, China and south Korea in
  International Partnership for hydrogen Economy
  (IPHE) in November 2003.

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• US and India have signed the framework
  protocol during April 2006 in New Delhi, for
  the FutureGen project aiming to design
  develop built and operate first coal fired
  emission free power plant of 275 MW. A project
  involving IGCC CO2 capture.
• The ITER- International Thermo Nuclear
  Experimental Reactor project is well on its way.

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• Pre-combustion de-carbonization is offering a
  promising technology for carbon capture. A
  typical example is coal gasification for
  production of synthetic Gas (Syn Gas) of CO and
  H2. This CO and H2 then react with steam to
  produce CO2 and H2. The CO2 can be saturated and
  H2 used in fuel cell.
• Other options include Oxy fuel technology
  involving recycling of CO2 plus oxygen. Other
  options include IGCC, Supercritical and
  Underground coal mining which can reduce CO2
  emission through environmentally benign coal
  utilization for Power Generation.

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• Post combustion approach on an actual fossil fuel
  based Power Plant will be cost effective when CO2
  concentration is increased such as in an oxy fuel
  technology stated above. Likely options currently
  identifiable for CO2 separation and capture
  include
• Chemical Physical absorption
• Pressure swing and electrical swing absorption
• Cryogenic Separation
• Capture in fuel cell carbon Nano-tubes
• Biochemical approach

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RGTU INITIATIVES

• Hybrid power plant of Wind, Solar Biomass has
  been setup which will pave way for sustainable
  power supply for variety of biomass fuels
  environment limitations.
• Biomass Gasifier (10kW) Bio-diesel Plant (100
  LPD) has been commissioned
• Green Energy Technology Center has been set up to
  focus on following areas
• - Clean Coal Technology CDM
• - Bio-fuels and bio-diesel
• - Renewable Energy devices (hybrid)
  targeted to produce 1 MW Power for the campus
• - Energy Conservation Management
• - CO2 Sequestration CO2 capture
  technologies
• .

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The pilot plant at RGPV is one of the Carbon
Capture Sequestration plant together with CO2
conversion into Hydrogen, Methane Biodiesel
through Algae Route.
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CO2 Sequestration Plant
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A SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR INDIA

• Meeting Energy need of Rural India (about 100
  Billion Units per annum) through use of Renewable
  Energy technologies like Biomass, Wind, Solar and
  their Hybrid.
• Use of Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) Green
  Power Engineering (About 500 billion Units) for
  Mega Power Generation for Cities, Industries and
  all other sectors of economy.

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Summary

• Coal is going to remain our main stay in Power
  Scenario.
• A synergy between Energy Environment is need of
  the day as over 56 GHG Emission is from Energy
  Generating Systems, for which
• Accelerated growth of Power generation
  should be coupled with Environmental concern
  through adoption of Clean Coal Technologies
• Renewable Energy Technologies need a fillip
  particularly for Rural Sector
• Energy Conservation measures will go a
  long way in reducing Demand Supply Gap
• ONCE THE PROJECT IS TAKEN UP UNDER CDM IT
  BECOMES SELF SUSTAINABLE.

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THANK YOU