Red Blood Cells

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Red Blood Cells

• Importance of RBC Shape and Size

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Blood

• Functions
• Transportation
• Gases
• Nutrients and wastes
• Regulatory
• Temperature
• pH
• Fluid volume
• Immunity
• antibodies

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Blood types

• 4 different blood types
• A, B, AB and O
• What determines the blood type?
• Based on the presence or absence of a surface
  protein
• Surface antigen
• To protect host against foreign blood types each
  person has antibodies
• Anti-A or anti-B
• Rh blood type presence or absence of Rh antigen
• Rh factor

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Neither antigen A nor B
A and B
B
A
RBCs
Plasma
antibodies
Anti-B antibodies
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Blood type A
Anti-B antibody
Blood type A
Blood from type B Anti-A antibody
agglutinate
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Rh Blood Types
No antigen D
Antigen D
Rh positive
Rh negative
RBCs
Anti-D antibodies (after prior exposure)
Plasma
No anti-D antibodies
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• Rh negative moms and a fetus which is Rh
  positive!
• Antibodies may cross the placental barrier
• Solution?
• RhoGAM
• blocks mothers immune response

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Composition of blood
Slightly alkaline pH (7.357.45)
Adult male 5 to 6 liters
Adult female 4 to 5 liters
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So what is in blood?
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Life span 8-10 days
12 hrs!
120 days
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Hemopoiesis

• Hemocytoblasts
• Stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce
• Myeloid stem cells become RBCs, most WBCs
• Lymphoid stem cells become lymphocytes
• Erythropoiesis
• Only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in
  adults
• Stem cells mature to become RBCs

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Stimulating RBC production

• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Also called erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone
• From kidneys!
• Secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low
• Hypoxia
• How could this happen?

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Red Blood Cells

• Red blood cell count
• The number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood
  
• Male 4.56.3 million
• Female 4.25.5 million
• Fractionation
• Process of separating into plasma and formed
  elements
• Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV)
• Male 4054
• Female 3747

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RBC and Hemoglobin (Hb)

• Normal hemoglobin values
• Adult male 1418 g/dL whole blood
• Adult female 1216 g/dL, whole blood
• Transports respiratory gases
• (oxyhemoglobin)
• (deoxyhemoglobin)
• Binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs
• Forms carbaminohemoglobin

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Quaternary structure of 4 globular protein
subunits

• Each with one molecule of heme
• Each heme contains one iron ion

Each with one molecule of heme Each heme contains
one iron ion
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Recycling of Red Blood Cell Components
Globin
Ever wonder why urine is yellow?
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Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling

• Hemoglobinuria
• Hemoglobin broken down products found in urine
  due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream
• Alpha and beta chains
• Redish brown urine
• Hematuria -- he ma turia
• Whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or
  tissue damage
• Jaundice
• - bilirubin buildup

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Leukocytes

• Leukocytes possess a nucleus and organelles
• How is this different from RBCs?
• They help initiate an immune response
• attracted to a site of infection by molecules
  from damaged cells or invading pathogens
• chemotaxis.
• They are 1.5 3 times larger than erythrocytes
• They are capable of leaving the blood vessels and
  entering a tissue
• Diapedesis
• How is this different from RBCs?

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Classification of Leukocytes

• The five types of leukocytes
• Divided into two classes - based of the presence
  or absence of visible organelles termed granules
• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes
• Some are phagocytic
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

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White Blood Cells - Neutrophils

• 5070 of circulating WBCs
• First on the scene of injury
• Cytoplasm granules with
• Lysosomal enzymes
• Bactericides
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
• Prostaglandins / leukotrienes
• Increase capillary permeability
• Call for help

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White Blood Cells - Eosinophils

• 24 of circulating WBCs
• Attack large parasites
• Parasitic worms and flukes (flat worm)
• Excrete toxic compounds
• Nitric oxide
• Cytotoxic enzymes
• Control inflammation
• Enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of
  neutrophils and mast cells
• Allergies

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White Blood Cells - Basophils

• Are less than 1 of circulating WBCs
• Accumulate in damaged tissue
• Release histamine
• Dilates blood vessels
• Release heparin
• Prevents blood clotting

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White Blood Cells - Monocytes

• 28 of circulating WBCs
• Are large and spherical
• Enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages
• Engulf large particles and pathogens
• Secrete substances that attract immune system
  cells and fibrocytes to injured area

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WBCs 30 Three Classes of Lymphocytes

• T cells
• Cell-mediated immunity no antibodies
• immune response to viral infected and tumor cells
• B cells
• Humoral immunity use of antibodies
• Differentiate into plasma cells
• Synthesize antibodies
• Natural killer (NK) cells innate immune system
• Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)