BENZENE AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES

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BENZENE AND BENZENEDERIVATIVES
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• I. General Characteristics of Benzene A. All six
  carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized due to the
  three alternating double bonds. B. All six
  C-C bond lengths and strengths are one and a
  half (1½) also due to the resonating double
  bonds. C. The shape of the molecule is flat with
  120o bond angles for all the atoms. D. The
  resulting resonance give this molecule
  resonance stability which makes it unreactive
  like an alkane.

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• II. Monosubstitued Derivatives of Benzene
• A. Toluene (Benzene with a methyl group).
• B. Aniline (Benzene with an amine group).
• C. Phenol (Benzene with a hydroxyl group).
• D. Benzoic Acid (Benzene with a carboxylic
  acid group).
• E. Benzene Sulfonic Acid (Benzene with a
• sulfonyl group).
• F. Bromobenzene (Benzene with a bromine
  group).
• G. Ethylbenzene (Benzene with an ethyl
  group).

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• III. Disubstitued Derivatives of Benzene
• A. When a benzene ring already has a group
  attached to it, the next or incoming group can
  attach in three different ways creating three
  possible isomers
• 1. Ortho (o-) One carbon away.
• 2. Meta (m-) Two carbons away.
• 3. Para (p-) Three carbons away.
• B. When naming these compounds, the special
  names should be used as the root and the
  attached group should be named first with the
  lower case letter preceding it (i.e.
  m-bromotoluene).