Scaffold Safety

1
Subpart L-Scaffold Safety 1926.451-453
Vincent J. Giblin, General President
Phone [phone] Fax [phone] E-mail
hazmat_at_iuoeiettc.org
1293 Airport Road Beaver, WV 25813
2

• This material was produced under grant number
  46C5-HT16 from the Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It
  does not necessarily reflect the views or
  policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
  does mention of trade names, commercial products,
  or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
  Government.

3
Introduction

• Subpart L specifies the requirements needed
• to safely erect scaffolds or staging.
• Scaffolds are temporary platforms workers
• use in order to access their work area and to
• hold the supplies needed for that job.
• Because of the locations and dangers involved,
• only trained and competent persons are to erect
• scaffolds at the job site.

4
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirements

• All scaffolds are to be
• capable of supporting,
• without failure, at least
• 4 times the maximum
• intended load.

5
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety
Precautions

• ? Never allow debris/materials to collect on
• scaffold
• ? Always use netting to catch anything that falls
• ? Make sure scaffold is secure

6
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety
Precautions

• ? Do not stand
• on ties,
• guardrails,
• or extensions

7
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety
Precautions

• ? Do not overreach
• outside the guardrails

8
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety
Precautions

• ? Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading
• ? Replace guardrails after loading or unloading
• ? Use 3-point climbing
• ? Dont hang tarps without evaluation
• ? Exit mobile scaffolds before moved

9
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety
Precautions

• ? Always wear
• fall protection
• to avoid
• accidents

10
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsFooting
or Anchorage

• The footing or anchorage
• is to be on a solid foundation
• sound, rigid, and capable of
• carrying the maximum
• intended load without
• settling or displacement.

11
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsFooting
or Anchorage

• The use of unstable
• objects to support
• planks or scaffolds
• is prohibited.

12
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsGuardrai
ls

• The use of guardrails is very
• important, preventing workers
• from falling. Nearly 3/4 of
• the reported scaffold accidents
• are caused by improper
• guarding.

13
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsGuardrai
ls

• Open-ended or open-
• sided platforms must
• have standard
• guardrails and
• toeboards.

14
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsGuardrai
ls

• The guardrails are to be 2 X 4 and about 42
• high with a midrail whenever needed. The
• supports for the guardrails are to be at
• intervals no more than 8 feet.

15
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsProtecti
ve Screening

• Overhead protection shall be provided for
• men on scaffolds and, in the same sense,
• a screen is to be placed
• below the scaffold
• where persons may in
• danger of falling objects.

16
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Platforms

• Scaffold construction is to
• be with the proper grade
• lumber with a minimum of
• 1,500 fibers (Stress Grade).
• This lumber is marked with
• a grading stamp and is free
• of defects.

17
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Platforms

• The planking is to be of Scaffold Grade wood
• or metal, free of defects that may contribute to
• an accident.

18
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Platforms

• The planking shall be
• overlapping or secured
• from movement,
• extending not less than
• 6 nor more than 12
• over their end supports.

19
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Platforms

• The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall
• be plumb (vertical members standing
• perpendicular to horizon) and securely and
• rigidly braced to prevent swaying and
• displacement.

20
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Platforms

• Only synthetic or fiber rope
• that has been treated properly
• may be used as staging
• support where open flame
• work or corrosive
• substances or chemicals
• will be used.

21
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Platforms

• Any means of support for scaffold suspension
• shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times
• the rated load.

22
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe
Access

• In order for workers to avoid
• injuries when getting on or off
• the platform, internal stairs or
• attached vertical ladders will
• be used.Never use the frame
• or braces for climbing!

23
1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsDesign
load

• The design load of all scaffolds shall be
• calculated on the basis of
• Light--Supporting 25 lbs per square foot
• Medium--Supporting 50 lbs. Per square foot
• Heavy-- Supporting 75 lbs. Per square foot

24
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolds

• This standard covers many different scaffold
• types. We will touch briefly on the three
• basic types that are most commonly used in
• the construction industry.
• 1. Suspension Scaffolds
• 2. Supported Scaffolds
• 3. Aerial Lifts (Subpart N)

25
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead
structure)

• ? Single-point adjustable suspension-
• These may be power units (either
• electrically or air motor driven) or
• manually operated winches. All power
• operated gears and brakes shall be
• enclosed.

26
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead
structure)

• ? Two-point suspension- Theses scaffolds are to
  be securely lashed to the building or structure
  to prevent them from swaying.

27
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead
structure)

• ? Multi-point suspension- Capable of
• sustaining a working load of 25 pounds
• per square foot. The platform shall be
• securely fastened to the hangers by U-
• bolts or other equivalent means.

28
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension
Scaffolds (hung from an overhead structure)

• ? Needle beam- Ropes or hangers used as
• supports, shall be attached to the needle
• beams by a scaffold hitch or a properly
• made eye splice. The loose end of the
• rope shall be tied by a bowline knot or by
• a round turn and a half hitch.

29
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead
structure)

• ? Interior hung- Hung or suspended from
• the roof structure or ceiling beams by rope
• capable of supporting at least 6 times the
• rated load.

30
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension
Scaffolds

• The workers on these scaffolds are to wear fall
  protection at all times.

31
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension
Scaffolds

• These suspension scaffolds must
• ? Be solidly attached to a structure
• ? Be regularly serviced and inspected
• ? Have proper guardrails, netting, and toeboards
• ? Be at least 20 wide but no wider than 36

32
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension
Scaffolds

• Upon meeting these requirements, the platform
• can be one of four types
• ? Plank type
• ? Beam-type
• ? Light metal-type
• ? Ladder-type

33
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension
Scaffolds

• The scaffold unit shall be suspended from
• metal outriggers, iron brackets, wire rope
• slings, or iron hooks, inspected daily by a
• competent person. Supporting parts are to be
• inspected before every installation and
• periodically inspected during use.

34
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension
Scaffolds

• Suspension scaffolds are hung by
• ? Outrigger beam with counterweights
• ? Rolling outrigger beam with counterweights
• ? Parapet clamps
• ? Roof hook or cornice hook

35
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• These scaffolds are raised on posts, uprights,
• frames, or outrigger beams. They may also be
• mounted on trucks or casters.
• ? Tube and coupler ? Pole
• ? Frame ? Mobile

36
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• ? Tube and coupler scaffolds- Have limited
  heights to be followed using tables L-10-L-12.
  Light, medium, and heavy duty tube and coupler
  scaffolds are to follow specified requirements
  for the appropriate categories, all of which are
  to hold 4 times the maximum intended loads.

37
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• ? Pole - Scaffold poles shall bear on a
• foundation of sufficient size and strength to
• spread the load from the pole over a
  sufficient
• area to prevent settlement. Independent pole
• scaffolds shall be set as near to the wall of
  the
• building as practicable.

38
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• ? Frame - Proper cross bracing or diagonal
• bracing is to be used for securing vertical
• members together laterally with coupling or
• stacking pins to provide proper vertical
• alignment of the legs.

39
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• ? Mobile - When free-
• standing mobile scaffold
• towers are use, the height
• shall not exceed four
• times the minimum base
• dimension.

40
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• ? Mobile - When using
• casters, they are to have
• a positive locking
• device to hold the
• scaffold in position.

41
1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported
Scaffolds

• ? Mobile - A ladder or
• stairway, affixed to or
• built into the scaffold,
• shall provide proper
• access and exit

42
1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually
propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds

• This section applies
• to ladder stands
• (not aerial) and
• rolling scaffolds (towers).

43
1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually
propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds

• Due to the wide variety of materials and design
  possibilities, specified design and construction
  requirements are not a part of this section.

44
1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually
propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds

• The minimum platform width for any work level
  shall not be less than 20 inches for mobile
  scaffolds. Ladder stands shall have a minimum
  step width of 16 inches, with all exposed
  surfaces free from sharp edges, burrs or other
  safety hazards.

45
1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually
propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds

• Wheels or casters shall
• be properly designed for
• strength and dimensions
• to support four times the
• design working load.

46
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• These are vehicle-mounted
• elevating and rotating work
• platforms such as ladder
• trucks and tower trucks.
• Aerial lifts are to be
• operated only by
• authorized persons.

47
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• Aerial ladders shall be secured in the lower
• traveling position by the locking device on top
• of the truck cab, and the manually operated
• device at the base of the ladder before the
• truck is moved for highway travel.

48
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• Never move an aerial lift
• truck when the boom is
• elevated in a working
• position with men in the
• basket, except where
• specifically designed for
• this type of operation.

49
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• Lifts that are used primarily as personnel
• carriers must have both platform (upper) and
• lower controls. The lower controls are to
• override the upper controls, never to be used
• without permission from the employee in the
• lift, except in emergencies.

50
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• While working on aerial lifts, employees shall
• ? Always stand firmly
• on the floor of the
• basket and not sit or
• climb on the edge

51
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• While working on aerial lifts, employees shall
• ? Wear a body belt
• and have a lanyard
• attached to the
• boom or basket
• for fall protection

52
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• While working on aerial lifts, employees shall
• ? Keep within specified load limits
• ? Use brakes and wheel chocks when needed

53
1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N)

• Examples
• ? Telescoping
• ? Rotating boom
• ? Scisor type

54

• This material was produced under grant number
  46C5-HT16 from the Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It
  does not necessarily reflect the views or
  policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
  does mention of trade names, commercial products,
  or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
  Government.

55
End

• This publication was made possible by grant
  numbers 5 U45 ES06182-13 AND 5 U45 ES09763-13
  from the National Institute of Environmental
  Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH. Its contents are
  solely the responsibility of the authors and do
  not necessarily represent the official views of
  the NIEHS, NIH.