PARASITES AND YOU

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PARASITES AND YOU
PARASITES

• PARASITES
• AND YOU

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Why do BIOLOGISTS care?

• Outnumber free-living organisms 5 to 1
• They have been around since beginning
• They DRIVE evolution
• They evade our immune systems

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Why should YOU care?

• Half of worlds population will get them
• Americans provide homes to 130 types
• They evade your immune system
• No vaccines/sometime no cures
• Health of family and friends

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Symbiotic Relationships

• Mutualism
• Both organisms benefit from the relationship
• i.e. bacteria in guts, clownfish in anemone
• Commensalism
• one benefits, the other is not affected
• i.e. spider crab plants seaweed on its back
• Parasitism
• One benefits, the other is affected
• i.e. mosquitos, ticks, intestinal worms

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Parasite Life Styles

• Endoparasites
• Live in host, including gut
• Examples tapeworm, pinworm, giardia
• Ectoparasites
• Live external on host
• Examples lice, fleas, ticks, leeches
• They are common vectors (transfer parasites from
  one organism to another)

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Parasites cause some of most infectious diseases

• Malaria - 500 million cases/year 1.5 million
  deaths
• Hookworm - 800 million infected
• Ascariasis (nematode worm) - 1 billion
  infections/year
• River blindness (nematode worm)- 30 million
  infected

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PROTOZOANS (Protozoa are single-celled
eukaryotes)

• Entamoeba - dysentery
• Giardia - beaver fever
• Trichomonas - vaginitis
• Plasmodium - malaria
• Trypanosoma - sleeping sickness

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1. Entamoeba histolyticadysentery

• An amoeba
• Can also cause liver abcess
• Bloody, mucous containing diarrhea

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2. Giardia lambliabeaver fever

• Drinking from open water
• Intestinal discomfort
• Diarrea - non-bloody
• Foul smelling flatulence
• Found in Maine

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3. Trichomonas vaginalisvaginitis

• Vaginal discharge
• Foul smelling
• Itching burning

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4. Plasmodium vivaxmalaria

• Most common
• Vector is mosquito
• Destroys red blood cells
• High fever
• 1 death every 12 seconds (worldwide)

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Malaria life cycle
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5. Trypanosoma bruceiAfrican sleeping sickness

• Vector is tsetse fly

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NEMATODESsegmented roundworms

1. Ascaris - large roundworms
2. Trichinella - pork cysts
3. Enterobius - pinworms
4. Dracunculus - guinea worm
5. Loa loa - eye worm
6. Ancylostoma - hookworm

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6. Ascaris lumbricoideslarge, intestinal
roundworm

• Most common infection in the world
• (1 billion people have it)
• Female worm 12 inches long

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Ascaris life cycle
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7. Trichinella spiralistrichinosis

• From eating undercooked pork
• Lodge in muscle fiber as cysts

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8. Enterobius vermicularis pinworms

• Common in young children
• Small white worm
• Lays eggs in perianal region at night

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Enterobiasisitchy butt disease
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9. Dracunculus medinensisguinea worm

• Fiery serpent of Israelites!
• Found in 50 million people
• Africa, India, S.America (oasis areas)
• Female 40 inches!
• Medical caduceus?
• On verge of eradication

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Guinea worm cont
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10. Loa loaeye worm
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11. Ancylostoma duodenalehookworms

• Transferred eggs in feces
• Can go in foot from contaminated soil
• 1cm long
• Attaches to intestine wall

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CESTODESflat, segmented (tape) worms

• Host ingests cysts which develop into worms that
  live in intestine
• Taenia - pork tapeworm
• Diphyllobothrium - fish tapeworm

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12. Taenia soliumpork tapeworm

• From undercooked pork (with cysts)
• Lives in small intestine
• Absorbs (robs) food from host
• Up to 25 years

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Taenia Life Cycle
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13. Diphyllobothrium latumfish tapeworm

• From undercooked fish
• Can be 30 feet long!

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TREMATODESflukes

1. Schistosoma - swimmers itch
2. Clonorchis - liver fluke

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14. Schistosoma sp.swimmers itch

• Wants birds as vector
• Tries to burrow into humans
• Causes swimmers itch

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15. Clonorchis sinensisChinese liver fluke
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ARTHROPODS

1. Lice -
2. Fleas -
3. Chiggers
4. Mites
5. Bedbugs
6. Ticks

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16. Pediculus humanuscommon head lice
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17. Phthirus pubis pubic lice

• Got Crabs?
• Itching in pubic hair

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17. Ctenocephalides sp.Fleas
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18. Tunga penetranschiggers
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19. Sarcoptes scabieiscabies mites

• Borrows in skin
• Causing dermatitis

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botfly
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20. Cimex lectulariusbedbugs
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21. Ixodes dammniThe deer tick

• Vector of Lyme disease
• Now found on MDI

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Lyme Disease

• Fever, seems viral flu symptoms
• Watch for bullseye rash

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List of Parasites
Entamoeba Pinworm Liver fluke
Giardia Guinea worm Lice
Trichomonas Eye worm Fleas
Malaria Hookworms Chiggers
Trypanosome Pork tapeworm Scabies
Ascaris Fish tapeworm Bedbug
Trichinella Swimmer itch Deer tick
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FOR GREAT READING!

• Carl Zimmer proves himself as fine a science
  essayist as we have.
• -Kevin Padian. The NY Times
• A nonstop delight
• -Mark Ridley. The New Scientist
• One of the greatest books ever!
• -Mr. Lurvey. The Science Teacher

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