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Common Childhood Illnesses

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Title: Common Childhood Illnesses


1
Common Childhood Illnesses
  • Transmission
  • Symptoms
  • Prevention

2
(No Transcript)
3
How Disease Is Transmitted
  • The process begins with someone who has the
    infection
  • The infectious pathogen (bacteria, virus, fungus,
    or parasite) leaves the sick persons body
  • The infectious pathogen reaches another child and
    enters his body
  • The child develops the infection

4
Most common ways of the infection transmission in
child care
  • 1. INHALATION
  • inhaling droplets of moisture containing viruses,
    bacteria, etc, from an infected person who has
    coughed or sneezed
  • touching surfaces covered by droplets or from the
    persons hands and then touching our own face or
    eyes
  • surfaces include door knobs,
  • telephones, toys, flush handles

5
INHALATIONWhat can you catch?
  • colds and flu
  • TB
  • measles
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • whooping cough
  • chickenpox
  • conjunctivitis
  • viral gastro-enteritis

6
INHALATIONPREVENTION of the INFECTION
  • difficult to avoid getting infected
  • cover mouth or nose when coughing or sneezing
  • wash hands if you have contact with items or
    fabrics contaminated with droplet fluids
  • encourage parents to keep their infectious child
    away from nursery until they are well

7
2. INGESTION
  • eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated
    water
  • sucking fingers, thumbs, biting finger nails,
    smoking a cigarette with dirty hands
  • hands can become contaminated from touching pets,
    farm animals, raw meat and poultry, soiled
    nappies, toilets...

8
INGESTIONWhat can you catch?
  • salmonella
  • food poisoning
  • dysentery
  • hepatitis A
  • threadworms

9
INGESTION PREVENTION of the INFECTION
  • you can have some control over getting infected
  • always wash hands after touching animals and
    pets, using the toilet and changing nappies
  • always wash hands before and after preparing food
    and before eating
  • follow good practices for storing,
  • cooking chilling and re-heating food

10
3. INOCULATION
  • by blood or certain body fluids from an infected
    person, getting into the body of another person
  • through cuts or damaged skin
  • by injection through the skin e.g.
  • body piercing, tattoos, IV drug
  • use, blood transfusion

11
INOCULATIONWhat can you catch?
  • HIV which can lead to AIDS
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C

12
INOCULATION PREVENTION of the INFECTION
  • you can have a lot of control over getting
    infected
  • cover any cuts and abrasions with water proof
    dressing if giving care or dealing with blood
  • use of disposable plastic
  • aprons and disposable
  • gloves when dealing with
  • body fluids
  • wash hands after removing
  • gloves

13
SKIN to SKINand HEAD to HEADWhat can we catch?
  • cold sores via kissing
  • body lice - and in clothing and bedding
  • fungal infections - ringworm, athletes foot
  • warts and verrucaes
  • impetigo - and from items soiled with pus
  • HEAD to HEAD - head lice

14
SKIN to SKIN PREVENTION
  • you can have some control over getting infected
  • make sure that all people are treated so that
    they are no longer infectious to others
  • avoid contact with infected areas either by
    person covering with dressing or carer using
    gloves
  • washing skin immediately after contact can reduce
    transmission of infection

15
HEAD to HEAD PREVENTION
  • can be difficult to avoid getting infected during
    close social interaction
  • make sure that all children are treated to
    prevent re-infection
  • check young childrens heads after each hair
    wash, on wet hair, using a detection comb

16
Common childhood infections you may come across
  • Chickenpox
  • German measles (Rubella)
  • Measles
  • Meningites
  • Mumps
  • Tonsillitis
  • Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
  • Gastro-enteritis

17
Chickenpox
  • droplet spread e.g. via coughing and sneezing or
    by direct contact with blister fluid
  • incubation period 13-17 days
  • infectious 4 days before onset of rash until 5
    days after appearance of first spots. May return
    to nursery after 5 days of spots appearing if
    feeling well
  • pregnant women should seek antenatal advice
    first 20 weeks and last 3 weeks

18
Rash of chickenpox
19
Rubella (German measles)
  • caused by virus which causes mild fever and a
    rash
  • fever, swollen neck glands, fine rash
  • spread by direct contact with sneezing or
    coughing incubation period 16-18 days
  • The disease is potentially serious because of the
    ability to produce defects in a developing fetus
    if the mother is infected during early pregnancy

20
Rubella syndrome is a group of physical
abnormalities that have developed in an infant as
a result of maternal infection with rubella
virus. It is characterized by rash at birth, low
birth weight, small head size, heart
abnormalities, visual problems and bulging
fontanelle.
21
Measles
  • caused by a virus, rare in this country since
    introduction of MMR vaccine
  • fever, conjunctivitis, cough and/or spots on
    cheeks or inside mouth. 3-7 days later red,
    blotchy rash appears which lasts 4-7 days.
    Complications of pneumonia can occur. Incubation
    7-14 days
  • spread by contact with coughing and sneezing

22
Meningitis
  • meningitis is an inflammation of the brain
    membranes
  • caused by different bacteria and viruses
  • symptoms include severe headache / high pitched
    cry in babies, drowsiness, stiff neck, repeated
    vomiting, irritability, fever, dislike of bright
    lights
  • CAN CAUSE DEATH!
  • GLASS TEST
  • Press the side of a glass firmly against the
    rash.
  • If the rash fades and loses colour under pressure
    it is not a meningitis rash.
  • If it does not change colour, you should contact
    a doctor immediately.

23
Viral gastro-enteritis
  • can be caused by bacteria or virus
  • sudden onset of vomiting and or diarrhoea
  • very infectious (from spray created when ill)
  • usually short-lasting 24/48hrs
  • thorough cleaning of wide area after illness
    episodes and isolation can reduce spread

24
Viral hepatitis (can be of A, B or C type)
  • hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver
  • hepatitis A is caught by swallowing the virus
    (contaminated food, water and from hands soiled
    with faeces)
  • after 6 weeks - lethargy, nausea, pain in abdomen
  • no treatment, usually full recovery
  • vaccination can protect contacts and travellers

25
Mumps
  • caused by a virus
  • fever, swelling of one or more salivary glands in
    the neck.
  • mumps virus can cause meningitis and deafness
  • passed from one person to another via droplets
    (sneezing, coughing) or direct contact with
    saliva
  • incubation normally 18 days but can be 12-25 days

26
Fifth disease (slapped cheek disease)
  • caused by a virus. Usually mild
  • red rash on cheeks, followed by lace-like rash on
    the body and limbs for up to 3 weeks
  • infectious before onset of rash. Mostly spread by
    droplets
  • pregnant women should seek advice ASAP especially
    if in first 20 weeks

27
Whooping cough (Pertussis)
  • the signs of the disease are coughing fits
    accompanied by a loud "whooping" sound as the
    child inhales, and vomiting.
  • the complications of whooping cough include
    pneumonia and brain damage caused by oxygen
    deficiency.
  • can be treated with antibiotics or prevented by
    immunization.

28
Tetanus
  • is transmitted when tetani bacillus enters open
    wounds
  • the signs of the disease are muscle spasms
    throughout the entire body, lockjaw, paralysis of
    the respiratory muscles, irritability, fever
  • can be prevented by immunization.

29
Preventing InfectionsPromote Good Practice
  • establish a daily cleaning routine - pay
    particular attention to play areas and surfaces,
    toilets, kitchens, highchairs and nappy changing
    areas
  • establish a rota for cleaning toys, sand, water
    play areas, etc.
  • provide suitable handwashing facilities and
    ensure regular use!
  • ensure disposable gloves and aprons are available
    for nappy changing and when carrying out first aid

30
Raising Childrens Awareness
  • teach the importance of regular handwashing and
    supervise, especially after going to the toilet
    and before eating
  • cleaning teeth
  • wiping noses and disposing of tissues
  • covering mouths when coughing or sneezing

31
Case Scenario
  • A worried mother calls the nursery on Monday
    morning to inform you that her son has been
    admitted to hospital with suspected meningitis.
    Her son has been attending the nursery full time
    and was present the previous Friday.
  • What should you do in this situation?

32
Case Scenario 1 Answers
  • Dont panic!
  • Ask for help inform your supervisor contact
    local NHS unit who will establish the facts and
    advise (including advice to parents)
  • If confirmed as a case of meningitis, it will be
    necessary for GPs to follow up close contacts
  • close contacts include family members, kissing
    contacts and those who have stayed overnight with
    the family during the past 10 days

33
Case Scenario Answers (cont)
  • ensure that you are aware of the signs and
    symptoms of meningitis
  • if you suspect symptoms in another child seek
    medical assistance promptly
  • if another suspected case arises within a 4 week
    period then prophylactic antibiotics may be
    administered - the NHS unit will determine this
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