Cytology The study of cells.

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Cytology The study of cells.

• Living Environment
• Created by
• Randecker Offenbacher
• On
• 9/04 9/05

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All living things are composed of cells.

• Prokaryote a cell without organelles
• Eukaryote cell with defined organelles
• Unicellular - composed of one cell
• Multicellular - composed of more than one cell.

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Prokaryote Eukaryote
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Founding Fathers of Cytology

• Leeuwenhoek- (1600s) made the first simple
  microscope. Magnifying glass. First to see
  bacteria, protozoa.

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• Hooke- 1655 made compound microscope with two
  lenses. First to see cell in slices of cork.

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Brown- 1831 concluded that all plant cells
contain a nucleus.
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• Schleiden 1838- German botanist who concluded
  that all plants are made of cells.
• Schwann 1839- German zoologist who concluded that
  all animal s are made of cells.
• Virchow 1855 concluded that all cells arise from
  preexisting cells.

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THE CELL THEORY

• 1. All living things are made of cells. (basic
  structure).
• 2. All cells carry out life functions. (basic
  function)
• 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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EXCEPTIONS to the CELL THEORY

• Where did the first cell come from?
• 2. VIRUSES? Can reproduce inside a host but
  outside it shows no sign of life.
• 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genetic
  material and can reproduce.

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Levels of organization

• Cell- basic unit of life.
• Tissue- group of cells performing the same
  function. Lung tissue
• Organs- group of tissues performing the same
  function. Lung, heart
• Organ system- group of organs that perform the
  same function.ex. Respiratory system
• Organism- group of organ systems working together.

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Parts of a Cell

• Ribosome- synthesis proteins
• Nucleus- controls cell activity
• Cell membrane- regulates what enters and leaves
  the cell
• Mitochondria- carries out cellular respiration to
  release energy.
• Endoplasmic reticulum- system of channels that
  transport materials.

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• Smooth ER- without ribosome
• Rough ER- with embedded ribosome.
• Lysosomes- digestive enzymes to break down
  substances.
• Nucleolus synthesize ribosome.
• Cytoplasm- liquid portion of the cell
• Vacuoles storage bins of the cell.

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Differences between plant and animal cell

• Animal-
• No cell wall
• Centrioles present
• Many small vacuoles
• No chloroplasts

• Plant-
• Cell wall
• No centrioles
• 1 Large vacuole (Tonoplast)
• Chloroplast (chlorophyll)

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Plant parts

• Cell wall- rigid, made of cellulose and gives
  support and structure.
• Chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll, photosynthetic
  organ
• Tonoplast- large vacuole that gives plant
  support.

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Smallest cell in the body

• Granule Cell of the Cerebellum
• 4um
• Human sperm cell is 25um (with tail)

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Smallest cell in the world

• Prasinophyte algae
• .8um

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Largest cell in the body

• Anterior Horn Cell in the spine
• 135um
• Human egg is 120um

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Largest cell in the world

• The egg from an ostrich
• 15cm

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How many cells are in the Human Body

• Approximately 65 trillion cells make up the adult
  human body