Chapter 7 Memory

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Chapter 7 Memory
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• 1. Episodic- Memory of a specific event . Person
  experienced event or event took place in persons
  presence.
• 2. Flashbulb- Important event, have mental
  photograph of every detail. Usually special
  memory birth of child, 9/11
• 3. Semantic- General knowledge. Dont usually
  remember where or when you acquired info/memory.
  Ex. ABCs, how to read.

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What was the picture on the last slide?

• 4. Explicit- Clear or clearly stated or explained
  memory of specific info. Ex episodic, semantic
• 5.Implicit- Implied, not clearly stated consist
  of skills or procedures you have learned. Ex
  throwing a ball, riding a bike or skateboard.
  Even if not used will stay with you for a long
  time.
• 6. Encoding- translation of info into a form in
  which it can be stored (like a computer). Ex
  OTTFFSSENT
• A) visual codes- see things as a picture to store
  info.
• B) acoustic codes- read a repeat to yourself
  several times, aka auditory . Records letters
  in memory as a sequence of sounds.
• C) Semantic- Attempt to make sense of letters,
  figure out their meaning. Ex last four letters
  spell sent. relating it to meaning

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What was the color of the last slide? Why was it
easy or difficult to recall?

• Lets play a game- Please write your answers on a
  separate piece of paper to be turned in at the
  end of class.
• http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.htm
  l

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• 7. Storage- Involved in the 2nd process of
  memory, it is maintenance of encoded memory over
  time. Use strategies to maintain memory.
• A) Maintenance Rehearsal- Repeating info over and
  over again to keep from forgetting it. Ex Actors
  without connecting it to feeling, phone numbers
• B) Elaborative Rehearsal- make new info
  meaningful by relating it to info you already
  know well. Widely used in education.

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• C) Organizational Systems- Memory can resemble a
  storehouse of files and file cabinets in which
  you store what you need to learn and remember.
• D) Filing Errors- We can file info incorrectly
  placing wrong label on info. Ex misguided
  directions, artistsong

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• 8. Retrieval- locating stored info and returning
  it to conscious thought. Need to know where you
  stored it, some things easy name, phone number.
  Use codes to learn it ex I before e.
• A) Context-Dependent memory- come back to you at
  a certain place. Memory in which the person first
  had the experience, dependent on the place where
  they were encoded/stored. Ex assigned seats
• B) State-Dependent Memory- Memories retrieved
  because of mood or emotional state when they were
  originally encoded is recreated. Ex sad time
  illicit sad memories. Drugs alter state of
  consciousness and thus result in state-dependent
  memories

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• C) On the tip of the tongue- come so close to
  retrieving info, use sound codes to help retrieve
  memory/info due to files and labels encoded
  in our memory

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What was the transition on the last slide?Three
Stages of Memory

• 9. Sensory Memory- 1st stage of memory, initial
  recording of information as it enters through our
  senses. Such as a row of letters or numbers
  flashed on a screen, that memory trace lasts for
  a fraction unless we do something with it. Iconic
  Memory like snapshots, brief Eidetic Memory
  visual stimuli over long period of time
  photographic memory Echoic mental traces of
  sounds
• 10. Short Term Memory- If you pay attention to
  iconic and echoic memory you can transfer that
  info into memory. Also called working memory.
  Info begins to fade rapidly after several
  seconds. Ex math problems as you work on them,
  phone number as you dial it. Limited in space.

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Short term Memory techniques

• A) primacy and recency effects- When remembering
  a series of letters you tend to remember 1st and
  last better than the middle. Primacy tendency to
  recall the initial items
• Recency remembering the last items of the
  series, more easier remembered because its
  fresher Ex Memory games from earlier slide.

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• B) chunking reorganizing the info into
  manageable units that are easier to remember,
  most chunking is 7 items long. Ex phone s,
  PEMDAS
• C) Interference- Once short term memory is full,
  new information appears in short term memory and
  takes place of what is already there. Like
  pushing it off a shelf.

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Long Term Memory

• 11. Long Term Memory- 3rd final stage. New info
  constantly being transformed. Contains more info
  than hard-drive. Names, dates, 2nd grade, 8th
  birthday, all in color, come in sound (if we
  hear) with smells, touches and tastes.
• A) Capacity- Yet to discover the limit of memory.
  Limited to the amount of attention we pay to
  things.

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• B) Memory as Reconstructive- memory is not
  recorded and played back like videos and movies
  reconstructed from bits and pieces of our
  experience. When reconstructed tend to shape them
  according to personal and individual ways in
  which we view the world. We put our personal
  stamp on our memories.
• C) Schemas- Mental representations that we form
  of the world by organizing bits of info into
  knowledge. Reconstruct info from ideas of what
  you think. Ex draw eyeglasses, hourglass.
  Influenced both the ways we perceive things and
  way stored in memory.

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What was the animation on the short term memory
techniques slide?Basic Memory Tasks

• A) Recognition- involves identifying objects or
  events that have been encountered before. Like
  easier multiple choice tests, answer given to
  you.
• B) Recall- Bring back to mind. Try to reconstruct
  it in your mind. Ability to recall drops
  dramatically within an hour (can repeat it
  immediately). Make connections/paired associates.
  Ex agua water

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• C) Relearning- often forget things we once knew,
  when re-taught comes quickly. Ex 50 yr. old
  re-learning algebraic equations
• 13. Decay- Fading away of memory, occurs when
  memory traces fade from sensory or shot term
  memory.

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More Freud

• 14. Repression- forget things on purpose, painful
  memories with shame of guilt. We forget by
  pushing them out of our consciousness. May be
  responsible for amnesia.
• 15. Amnesia- dissociative Thought to be caused
  by psychological trauma.

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Amnesia

• A) Infantile- Forgetting of early childhood
  events before age 3. If you can you have
  reconstructed memory from others memories, like
  being told by a parent. Brain is not mature so
  cannot process/store memories.
• 1) not interested
• 2) dont weave events together
• 3) no reliable use of language

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Samantha Who? On ABC is about retrograde amnesia

• B) Anterograde Amnesia- Trauma to the head that
  causes new events to be lost (not remembered).
  Brain damage.
• C) Retrograde Amnesia-Forget period leading up to
  the event.
• Auto accident victims forget they were in a car
  prior to accident
• Sometimes several years (before accident) of
  memory is lost

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Improving Memory

• A) Drill and Practice- repetition, fairly
  effective way to transfer info from sensory
  memory.
• The way we learned the ABCs
• Flash cards
• B) Relate to things you already know- Requires
  you to think more deeply about new information.
  Making associations
• C) Form unusual associations- Make it different
  or humorous, make it stand out

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More memory techniques

• D) Construct links- connections to improve
  vocabulary. Ex. Peso people pay with money
• E) Use Mnemonic devices- systems for remembering
  info.
• Usually combine chunks of info into a format,
  phrase or acronym. Ex. Roy G. Biv