Pennsylvania State University

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Pennsylvania State University
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Fisher and Donaldson Bakery, St. Andrews
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The Open 2000 Old Course at St. Andrews
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The Open 2000 Old Course at St. Andrews
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The Open 2000 Old Course at St. Andrews
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Courtesy of Steve Isaac
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Fairy Ring occurrence and behaviour of fairy
ring in turfgrass ecosystems causes and
where/when/why? effects on turfgrass and
symptoms (fairy ring types) fairy ring
species
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What organism causes fairy ring?
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What organism causes fairy ring? basidiomycete
mushroom fungi.
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The Humongous Fungus
Nature (1992, 356428-431) Northern Michigan,
USA 90 ha 9500 kg 1,500 years old
decomposition of oak (Quercus sp.) trees
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Fairy ring where, when, why?
greens fairways tees roughs everywhere spri
ng summer autumn fall anytime
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How does fairy ring affect turf?

• the fungal mycelium in the soil will coat sand
  and soil particles (particles become hydrophobic
  or water-repellent)
• colonized area can become severely hydrophobic
• soil is difficult to re-wet
• decomposition or organic matter and thatch
• release of toxic compounds in the soil rootzone
• depletion of available N
• loss of turf due to drought and other factors

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Rhizoctonia blight (Rhizoctonia solani)
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Decomposition of organic matter.
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Fairy Ring Symptoms

• rings or arcs
• dead or unhealthy turf
• dark green and stimulated turf
• - decomposition of organic matter and release
  of ammonium-N (NH4)
• - NH4 is processed by soil microorganisms into
  nitrates
• - nitrates contribute to green and growing turf
• - turf can react similar to a high dose of
  nitrate fertilizer
• mushrooms
• drought or water-stress indications
• - hydrophobic or water-repellent areas
• - localized dry spots

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Fairy Ring Symptoms

• three types
• based on visual symptoms as expressed in turf
• Type I. - turf killed or severe injury
• Type II. - turf stimulated (dark green rings or
  arcs)
• Type III. - mushrooms present (no turf damage or
  stimulation)

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Examples of type I symptoms
Courtesy of Tom Malehorn
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Examples of type II symptoms
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Fairy Ring?
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Champ
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Examples of type III symptoms
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Fairy Ring Species 60 basidiomycete species
attributed fairy ring in turf
Couch, 1995
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Examples of Fairy Ring Species based on
basidiocarp identification
Marasmius oreades (fairy ring mushroom)
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Lepiota sp. appearing in lawn a few days after a
rain event.
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Lepiota procera parasol mushroom.
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Coprinus sp. common in mulch beds. Some Coprinus
sp. are common in cool-season turfgrass fairways
(Northern USA climate) and bermudagrass (Cynodon
sp.) greens (Southern USA climate).
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Amanita virosa Destroying Angel
these specimens found growing in a lawn below a
beech tree (Fagus sylvatica).
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Agaricus campestris (meadow mushroom)
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Coprinus comatus (shaggy mane)
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Agaricus sp. in sports pitch (Festuca
arundinaceae).
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Chlorophyllum sp.
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Unidentified.
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Summary basidiomycete fungi ( 60species
) indirect, negative effect on turfgrass type
I, II, and III symptoms soil hydrophobicity
wet/dry environmental conditions impact
turf surface playability/performance
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Thank You!
Fairy Ring Occurrence and Behaviour
Mike Fidanza, Ph.D. fidanza_at_psu.edu
John Kaminski, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA. Mike Fidanza,
Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University, Reading, PA.