GastroIntestinal System

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GastroIntestinal System

• Chapter 7

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Student Objectives

• Explain the main functions of the
  gastrointestinal system.
• Identify the main organs and accessory organs.
• Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder in
  digestion.

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Student Objectives

• Identify combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes
  related to the GI system.
• Discuss pathology related to the GI system.
• Identify diagnostic, symptomatic, and therapeutic
  terms related to the GI system.
• Identify abbreviations and pharmacology related
  to the GI system.

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Anatomy/Physiology

• Responsible for the intake, digestion of food,
  absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid
  waste.
• Alimentary Canal (GI tract)
• Aliment/o - to nourish

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Accessory Digestive Organs

• Teeth
• tongue
• salivary glands
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas

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Oral Cavity

• Mouth (bucca, tongue)
• papillae
• Teech
• mastication
• dentin
• pulp
• gingiva

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Teeth

• Maxillary arch (upper)
• Mandibular arch (lower)
• anterior teeth for biting and tearing
• posterior teeth for chewing and grinding
• dent/i - teeth
• decidu/o - shedding
• Primary - 20 teeth
• Permanent - 32 teeth

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Oral Cavity

• Palate, hard and soft
• bolus
• Pharynx
• Uvula
• Esophagus
• Epiglottis

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Esophagus

• Gullet
• chyme
• cardiac, or lower esophageal or
  gastroesophageal sphincter

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Stomach
Fundus

• Body, fundus
• pylorus
• rugae
• pyloric sphincter

Body
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Small Intestine

• small bowel
• enter/o - small intestine
• villi
• Parts
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
• ileocecal valve

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Large Intestine

• Large Bowel
• col/o or colon/o
• cecum
• vermiform appendix

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• Colon
• ascending
• hepatic flexure
• transverse
• splenic flexure
• descending
• Sigmoid
• Rectum
• Anus

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Liver - hepat/o

• Functions
• production of bile
• glucose - glycogen
• storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K
• erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated in
  bile called bilirubin)
• bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark
  color
• removes toxins from blood
• manufactures blood proteins

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Pancreas

• internal - endocrine function
• insulin
• glucogon
• external - exocrine function
• amylase - carbohydrates
• trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins
• lipase - fats
• enzymes inactive until reach duodenum

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Gallbladder

• pear-shaped sac under the liver
• chol/e means bile or gall
• cyst/o means cyst or sac
• gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic
  duct into common bile duct.

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Bile

• bile is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on fat
  in a way that lipid enzymes can digest fat
• travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall
  bladder, where stored
• bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol,
  and bilirubin (a colored substance resulting from
  breakdown of hemoglobin)
• bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color

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Stomach during Digestion

• Gastric juices
• HCL - activates enzymes
• protease
• pepsin
• lipase
• Chyme

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Small Intestine during Digestion

• digestion completed in small intestine
• chyme mixed with bile and pancreatic juices
• emulsification
• absorption

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Large Intestine

• receive fluid waste products and store until
  released from body.
• excess water absorbed
• feces, stools
• defecation, or bowel movement

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Pathology - Ulcers

• Gastric ulcers
• Peptic ulcers
• Ulcerative Colitis

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Pathology - Hernias

• Diaphragmatic
• Hiatal, Gastroesophageal
• Inguinal
• Umbilical

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Bowel Obstructions

• Volvulus
• Ischemia
• Necrosis
• Peritonitis
• Intussusception

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Hemorrhoids

• Internal
• External
• Hemorrhoidectomy

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Liver Disorders

• Yellow skin - jaundice, icterus
• Hepatitis
• Type A - fecal, oral
• Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal
• Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products

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Diverticulosis

• Diverticulitis
• obstipation
• diverticulectomy

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Oncology

• Neoplasn from epithelial lining
• gastric adenocarcinoma
• esophageal carcinomas
• hepatocellular carcinomas
• pancreatic carcinomas

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

• Aerophagia
• anorexia
• appendicitis
• ascites
• borborygmus
• bulimia

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

• cachexia
• cholelithiasis
• cleft palate
• Crohns disease
• cirrhosis
• colic

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

• deglutition
• dysentery
• dysphagia
• eructation
• fecalith
• flatus
• gastroesophageal reflux disease

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

• Halitosis
• hematemesis
• irritable bowel syndrome
• leukoplakia
• malabsorption syndrome
• melena
• obstipation

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

• Peristalsis
• pyloric stenosis
• regurgitation
• steatorrhea
• visceroptosis

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Abbreviations

• Ac
• bid
• hs
• NPO
• pc, pp
• PO
• PRN
• qam, qm

• qd
• qh
• q2h
• qid
• qod
• qpm, qn
• stat
• tid

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Diagnostic Abbreviations

• ABC
• alk phos
• Ba
• BaE
• Dx
• EGD
• FBS

• GB
• GTT
• IVCPUD
• SGOT
• UGI

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Other Abbreviations

• BM
• GERD
• GI
• HAV
• HBV
• IBS

• IV
• LLQ
• LUQ
• PE
• PMH
• RUQ