History of China, 16002000

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History of China, 1600-2000

• Conquest and Consolidation I
• Late Ming and Early Qing Political History

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Vraag over oorlogvoering en afwisseling Ming -
Qing

• gemak waarmee China veroverd wordt, beperkte
  rol steden die zich verzetten
• Vergelijk oorlogen in 16e/17e eeuw Europa
  langdurige belegeringen
• Yangzhou wordt in enkele dagen ingenomen (1645)
  met kannonen

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Aanpassingen bij Europese steden
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Waarom verschil?

• Europa voortdurende oorlogvoering en
  voorbereiding voor oorlogvoering en steden
  hadden grote mate van autonomie sterk belang bij
  verdediging
• China oorlogen bij vlagen (dynastieke
  wisselingen), steden niet autonoom

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Structuur college

• Volgt in grote lijnen structuur boek H 1 t/m 4
• Overgang Ming Qing
• Problemen Qing
• Tussendoor hoe zat China in elkaar?

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Phases of dominance

• Initial phases of dynasties Dominance of
  imperial, centralized power
• Middle and late phases Dominance of bureaucracy
  and local elites

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Late Ming Wanli Emperor and successors

• Relatively inactive and contained emperors
• Eunuchs at court
• Officials, also kept in check by eunuchs

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Opposition of the officials to the eunuchs

• Donglin (Eastern forest) faction
• opposes followers of Wang Yangming
• because some of these followers try to approach
  the eunuchs in order to get official positions

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Basic ideas and methods of Wang Yangming
(1472-1529)

• Learn to follow innate, intuitive knowledge
• Meditation and introspection
• Self-discipline and self-cultivation
• Knowledge AND action

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The Ruled

• Ming Renaissance the Rich city-dwellers,
  organized in lineages based on male descent.
• Collections of art, books, and craft objects,
  booming high culture
• Education system passing state examinations can
  open doors to officialdom and brings enormous
  prestige and privileges
• Women are barred from state examinations, but
  private schooling is possible

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The Middle Classes and the Poor

• Artisans in government or private workshops
• Small landowners
• Diversity in land property ambiguity of
  landlords and peasants

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Options of the poor in subsistence crises

• Mutual aid, part-time jobs, children indentured
  or sold
• Popular uprisings and protests
• Joining the armies of the homeless marchers
• Work riots
• Violent protest not common, however

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Population and family structures

• Father rules the family
• Universal marriage of women, at (very) young age
  arranged marriages
• Patrilocal girls live in with family husband
• Male average life expectancy 32 years, 4 became
  older than 65

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Population estimates (million)Source A.
Maddison, Chinese economic performance in the
long run. (Paris 1998), p. 20
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Center and Periphery

• From 1620s on rising unrest popular armies of Li
  Zicheng (Shaanxi) and Zhang Xianzhong (Sichuan),
  Manchus (Northeast)
• High taxation of provinces for funding
  counter-insurgency
• Currency problems short silver supply
• Eunuch activities, official corruption also in
  the provinces (e.g. porcelain manufacture in
  Jiangxi)

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China and the Outer World

• Manchu advances to Chinese territory from the
  North
• Portuguese occupy Macao (1550), with Chinese
  consent. They trade in Chinese silk and Japanese
  silver
• Silver influx also from trade with Philippines
• But last years of Wanli Interruption of
  Portuguese and Spanish silver imports by English
  and Dutch East India Companies
• Jesuits (Matteo Ricci et al.) come to Macao and
  after 1601 to Peking

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Ming-Qing transition 1620-1662

• 1644 Last Ming emperor hangs himself outside the
  Palace in Peking
• Manchus declare themselves emperors of the Qing
  dynasty.
• Contenders to imperial power Ming loyalists and
  local army leaders

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Rise of the Manchu

• Nurhaci (1559-1626) founder, 8 banners, demands
  that Chinese men in conquered territories wear
  the queue introduces (chinese) bureaucracy
• Hong Taiji (1592-1643) extends rule south to the
  Great Wall, in 1636 proclaims himself emperor of
  the Qing, ruler of the Manchu people
• Dorgon (1612-1650), regent for the Shunzhi
  emperor (1638-1661) Captures Peking in 1644
• Shunzhi emperor, reg. 1644-1661 Benevolent
  policies towards the Chinese

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georganiseerd in banners
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The ruled

• Problem of legitimacy of Qing
• Between active collaboration and active
  resistance. Passive collaboration most common
• In Peking have to move outside the City Center,
  new walls build that divide the Southern City
  from the Center
• In Jiangnan and further south Ming loyalists
• All men must wear the queue and have their
  foreheads razed out

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Competitors

• Southern Ming relatives of last emperor. Flee
  South (Jiangnan) and Southwest (Burma).
  Extinguished 1662.
• Biggest S. Ming Qing clash in Yangzhou
  (Jiangsu)
• Local military leaders first fight, then pledge
  allegiance to the Qing

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Officials

• At court fewer eunuchs than under Ming
• Civilian administration Important positions
  doubly filled (One Manchu, one Chinese,
  dyarchy)
• Military Manchu and Mongol banners most
  important, but Chinese Green banners also
  increasing

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China and Outer World

• Trade largely subdued. The VOC in Taiwan
• Missionaries (Jesuits) first active for the Ming
  (cannon), then for the Qing
• Good relationship with Shunzhi emperor
• But contacts frozen under regent Oboi

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Kangxi (1662-1722)

• Kangxi and his officials
• Competitors in South China (War of the Three
  Feudatories, 1673-1681 )

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The Ruled

• Intellectuals wooed by participation in
  imperial projects, for instance Ming History
• Sinicization (as under Shunzhi) Confucian
  beliefs, rituals
• Examination system revived

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Center and Periphery

• War of the Three Feudatories Power first
  consolidated only in North China
• Periphery Taiwan brought firmly under Manchu
  control
• Extension of power to the borders War with
  Oirats/Zungars, Tibet

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China and Outer World

• Three ways of defining borders
• Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 equal powers
• Macao tacitly left for Portuguese
• Taiwan firmly incorporated 1683. Qing position
  about colonies and overseas trade ambivalent
• Missionaries lose influence due to rites dispute

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Central problems of administration(Yongzheng
1723-1735)

• Developing and maintaining
• an efficient bureaucracy and finance in the
  countryside
• an effective and confidential information system
• a strong central executive branch

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Fiscal problems

• Tax income by official tax quotas too low, not
  enough funds for provincial projects and
  government tasks.
• Therefore provincial governments squeeze extra
  fees from the population.

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Obvious solution

• Possible and obvious solution reform system
  Payment according to actual heads and land
  holdings
• Reasons not to do this Kangxi decided against
  it filial piety of Yongzheng to Kangxi
  opposition in Ministry of Revenue

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Alternative solution

• Extra charge on basic tax (tax raise), but
  abolishment of all other official and unofficial
  extra fees
• Appointment of new (less corrupt) officials and
  overseers, most of them bannermen
• Fair sharing of tax burden within provinces

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Did it work?

• In the North yes more problems in the wealthy
  Yangzi Delta region
• Ad hoc solution did not solve problem how would
  state profit from growth population and economy?
• In long run tax basis state undermined

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Administrative institutions

• Nondescript and inofficial, but highly effective
  Office of Military Finance /later Great Council
  junjichu
• Secret Palace Memorials, initiated under Kangxi
  in the 1690s, extended by Yongzheng
• For non-routine business
• Bypassing the Outer Court officials, directly
  delivered to the Emperor and sent back to the
  sender with the emperors rescript in red ink.

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Moral values

• Elements of (benevolent) Confucian ruler AND
  impatient Manchu conqueror
• Confucian values deeply internalized
• Concern for workers, outcasts
• Against opium smoking and trading, except for
  medical reasons
• Catholic Church marginalized (astronomers and
  painters in palace workshops)

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The great irony of his rule(M. Zelin in
Cambridge History of China, vol. 9/1)

• In his distrust of the bureaucracy
• the Yongzheng emperor failed to build the
  institutions that would guarantee the continued
  strengthening of the state and of the economy.
• His administrative style relied too much on
  his/any emperors personal intervention.

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Vraag voor volgende keer

• Hoe sterk was de Chinese staat rond 1800?
• Te sterk, of juist te zwak?

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Wanli emperor, reg. 1573-1619http//upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Wanli.jpg/250px-Wa
nli.jpg.png
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Nurhacihttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/0/03/Qing-Nurhaci.jpg/240px-Qing-Nurhaci
.jpg
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Hong Taiji (or Abahai)http//de.wikipedia.org/wik
i/BildAberhai1.jpg
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Kangxi, young
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Kangxi in old agehttp//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin
g-dynastiet
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Kangxi as a scholar in old agehttp//french.epoch
times.com/news_images/2005-4-22-2005-4-21-kangxi.j
pg