Discussion Questions

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Discussion Questions

• Discuss the developments and differences between
  constitutional states and absolute monarchies and
  provide examples of each.
• Why were the early discoveries of the scientific
  revolution met with such resistance? In what ways
  did these discoveries destroy an old worldview
  and create a new one?
•  What factors led to the rise of capitalist
  thought and practice?

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The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Indulgences
• Ninety-Five Theses
• New printing technology
• Excommunicated - 1521
• 1520s-1530s dissent

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Martin Luther Posting 95 Theses
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The Demand for Reform

• Luthers critique
• Closure of monasteries
• Translations of Bible
• Decline in priestly authority
• Return to biblical text for authority
• German princes interested
• Local control

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Reform outside Germany

• Switzerland, Low Countries
• England King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
• France John Calvin (1509-1564) - Protestant
• Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary reform

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The Catholic Reformation

• Roman Catholic reaction
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Society of Jesus (Jesuits), St. Ignatius Loyola
  (1491-1556)
• Education
• Missionaries

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Witch Hunts

• Tension between Catholics and Protestants
• Devil and human assistants (15th c.)
• Mostly single or widowed women

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Religious Wars

• Protestants and Roman Catholics - France
  (1562-1598)
• 1588 Philip II of Spain attacked England
• Attempt return to Catholicism
• Spanish ships destroyed
• Netherlands independence - 1610

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The Thirty Years War (1618-1645)

• Holy Roman emperor Bohemians
• Conflict spreads
• Primarily Germany
• Political, economic issues
• 1/3 Germans destroyed

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Consolidation of Sovereign States

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556)
• Marriage, political alliances attempted
  consolidation
• Failed
• Protestant Reformation independence
• France, Ottoman Empire
• Europe - individual states
• Charles V abdicated

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Sixteenth-century Europe
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The New Monarchs

• Italy - trade, manufacturing, finance
• England, France, and Spain - tax revenues (16th
  c)
• England Henry VIII
• Fines and fees confiscated monastic holdings
• France Louis XI, Francis I
• Sales, salt trade

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The Spanish Inquisition

• Fernando and Isabel 1478
• Judaism or Islam, later Protestants
• Imprisonment, executions
• Intimidated nobles
• Archbishop of Toledo imprisoned 1559-1576

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Constitutional States

• England and Netherlands - popular representation
• England constitutional monarchy
• Netherlands republic
• English Civil War, 1642-1649
• Tax opposition
• Anglican church vs Calvinist Puritans
• King Charles I vs parliament
• King beheaded - 1649

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Charles I of England
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The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

• Puritan dictatorship
• Monarchy restored 1660
• Bloodless
• King James II deposed
• Mary and William of Orange
• Shared governance between crown and parliament

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The Dutch Republic

• King Philip II of Spain vs Calvinists in
  Netherlands, 1566
• Rebellion 1581. Netherlands declared
  independence
• Representative parliamentary system

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Absolute Monarchies

• Divine Right of Kings
• French absolutism
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Centralization
• Bureaucracy
• Calvinists attacked

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Louis XIV (The Sun King, 1643-1715)

• Létat, cest moi
• Versailles (1670s)
• Power centered in court

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Louis XIV and Moliere
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Russia The Romanovs (1613-1917)

• Peter I (the Great, r. 1682-1725)
• Modernized Russia
• St. Petersburg
• Catherine II (the Great, r. 1762-1796)
• Military expansion
• Partitions of Poland, 1772-1797
• Initial reforms
• Pugachev rebellion (1773-1774)

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Cathedral of the Dormition
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The European States System

• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• European states sovereign and equal
• Domestic affairs protected
• Seven Years War
• Tenuous balance of power
• Military technology

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Population Growth and Urbanization

• Columbian Exchange growing population
• Improved nutrition
• Potato
• Susceptibility to plague

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Population Growth in Europe
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Urbanization
Compare to Roman Empire and Han Dynasty
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Early Capitalism

• Free market
• Individuals own means of production
• Private initiative
• Supply and demand
• Banks, stock exchanges
• Joint-Stock Companies (English East India
  Company, VOC)
• Empire-building
• Putting-out system
• Not guilds

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Impact of Capitalism on the Social Order

• Decrease in rural population
• Serfdom-inefficient
• Europe forsakes
• Russia retains until 19th c.
• Nuclear families
• Gender changes

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Capitalism and Morality

• Adam Smith (1723-1790)
• Increased poverty in some sectors
• Rise in crime
• Witch-hunting?

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The Copernican Universe

• Reconception of the Universe
• Claudius Ptolemy
• Christians - heaven - last sphere
• Observations contradict
• Nicholas Copernicus (1543)
• Moving Earth

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Ptolemaic System
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The Scientific Revolution

• Copernican model
• Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571-1630)
• Galileo Galilei (Italy, 1564-1642)
• Physics - Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• Challenge to church

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The Enlightenment

• Rational thought and scientific analysis
• John Locke (England, 1632-1704) politics
• France philosophes
• Voltaire (1694-1778)
• Deism

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The Theory of Progress

• Enlightenment would ultimately lead to human
  harmony, material wealth
• Decline in authority of organized religion