Folie 1

1
Technische Universität Berlin
The Correlation Question
Andreas Fuls TU Berlin Institut of Geodesy and
Geoinformation Science
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Content

• Correlation Question
• Astronomical Data
• Correlation Search Method
• Astronomical Implications
• Other Dating Methods

JD LC A
3
The Correlation Question

• Starting date of the Long Count?
• Placement of the Classic Period?
• How long was the Postclassic Period?

1519
Late Postclassic
Arrival of Spaniards
4
Colonial Documents Katun Count
de Landa (44v) ... MDLXI que era en punto en
et primero año de la era de Buluc Ahau
... 1541 first Tun in Katun 11 Ahaw 1540
last Tun in Katun 13 Ahaw
Oxcutzcab (p.66) 1540 años buluc hix tu hun de
pop. oxlahun ahau te tun vuc
5
Colonial Documents Calendar Round
Landa Oxcutzcab 12 Kan 1 Pop July, 16th 11
Ix 1 Pop Haab began in 1540 End of Katun 13
Ahau A.D. 1540
Result GMT 364 days (584649 Thijs Baaijens
correlation)
Moon age 9 days off Venus 346 days off
12 Kan 1 Pop July, 16th
6
Astronomical Data
J. Eric S. Thompson (19273) There is always
the possibility that the Maya time machine had
broken down before the arrival of the Spaniards,
in which case a day for day correlation based
entirely on astronomical evidence may eventually
be accepted.
7
Lunar Series Moon Age

• 276 dated Lunar Series Data on Monuments
• Comparison of recorded Moon Age against expected
  Moon Age
• Moon Phases are counted from New Light

6 winik-hiya, huliijy (26 days ago since it
arrived)
8
The Eclipse Table
69 eclipse stations over 11960 days
New Moon 9.16.4.10.8 12 Lamat 10.19.6.1.8 12
Lamat
1st Eclipse Station
1
2
3
4
7
5
6
8
9
10
9
12 Lamat Last Eclipse Station
9
The Moon Node Position
Eclipse signs are placed at the border of Eclipse
windows.
An Eclipse window of 17 days is only working for
Solar eclipses (18 days), not for Lunar eclipses
(12 days).
Fig. of Tzolkin wheel from Teeple (1930)
10
The Seasonal Almanac

• Dresden Codex page 65-69 91-day almanac with
  eclipse iconography.
• ? Moon Node at 8.11.7.13.5 3 Chikchan, 8.16.14.
  11.5 3 Chikchan

65 66 67
68 69
1 2 3
4 5
6 7 8
9 10
11 12 13
11
Venus Table Heliacal Rise as Morningstar
Ernst W. Förstemann (1822-1906)
1 Ajaw18 K'ayab
9.9.9.16.0 1 Ajaw 18 K'ayab
1 x 584 2 x 584 3 x 584 4 x 584
5 x 584
12
Venus in Copán, Temple 11 andin the Dresden
Codex, p.48B
... 2 Ix 10 Ix 5 Ix 7 Muwan
kala-j(a) chikin(i) WAK CHAN CHAK EK
9.15.15.12.16 5 Kib 9 / 10 Pop WF Rise as
Evening Star 2 GMT
-13
9.15.15.12.13 3 Ix 7 Pop WF Rise as Evening
Star -1 GMT -16
kal-w(a)-ni-yi
7 Pop
seyaan(i) KIN AHAW-(wa) nah
AHAW-(wa) CHAK EK
17 Yaxkin
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Venus Alignment in Copán
Date on Stela 10 9.11.0.0.0 12 Ajaw 8
Keh Date on CD49B 9.10.19.17.18 10 Etznab 6
Keh(Heliacal rise of Venus as Eveningstar)
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Solar Alignment of Uaxactun E-Group
8.16.0.0.0 3 Ahaw 8 Kankin
50400 days or 7 Katuns or 138 Tropical Years
-3.4 days
9.3.0.0.0 2 Ahaw 18 Muwan
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Tikal, Temple 1, 3 and 4
Intervalle Date 7- 8 4842 days 13 trop.
year93.85 days Date 7- 9 22556 days 62
trop. year89.02 days Date 8- 9 17714 days
48 trop. year 182.37 days Date 8-10 17715
days 48 trop. year 183.37 days
Lintel 2 Date 9 / 10
Lintel 3 Date 7 / 8
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Dresdener Kodex

• Venus Table 2920 days 8 trop. years 1.94
  days
• Eclipse Table 11960 days 33 trop. years
  93.00 days

Interval 9.9.9.16.0 9.16.4.10.8 48488
days 133 trop. years 89.21 days
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Palenque, Temple of the Cruz (P10 Q14)
11 Lamat 6 Xul
siyaj cha-? (was born ?, second Ajaw of
Palenque)

• Interval
• 8.19.6.8.8 11 Lamat 6 Xul
  8.19.19.11.17 2 Kaban 10 Xul 13.3.9 (13 Tun,
  3 Winal, 9 Kin)
• 4749 days
• 13 trop. years 0.85 days

2 Kaban 10 Xul (Accession of the second Ajaw of
Palenque)
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Tropical Year Stations Comparison

mean error 0,9 days
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Verification of Astronomical Data
Eclipses Moon Node
Moon Phase
Venus
Tropical Year
autumn
summer
winter
spring
20
The Correlation Search Method
J. Eric S. Thompson (193773) While it is more
than possible that a correlation in the
neighborhood of 11.3.0.0.0 is the answer to our
problem, it can not be this one. Until ceramic
evidence unmistakably indicates this date as the
approximate position of the arrival of the
Spaniards, it would be a waste of labor to
discuss all the possible correlations that might
spring up once one admitted a break in the Long
Count some time between 10.3.0.0.0 and the
arrival of the Spaniards.
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Correlation Search Method
Search with computer program for correlation
A 218945 lt A lt 782488 (10.6. 4114 B.C.) lt A lt
(3.5. 2571 B.C.)
Astronomical Cycles Moon Phase Moon
Node Tropical Year Synodic Cycle of Venus
Result 660208 (21.7.2906 B.C.)
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Astronomical Implications
23
The Moon Node in WF / GMT
WF GMT
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Distance to the Moon Node of 69 Eclipse Stations
WF (660208) correlation 8 of 69 station are not
possible eclipse dates.
GMT correlation 41 of 69 stations on the table
fall outside the moon node. That is they are not
possible eclipse dates.
25
Astronomy of the Flappstaff Ceremony
Flappstaff Ceremony in Site R, Yaxchilán and
El Cayo at zenith passage of the Sun (geogr.
Lat. 16,89 and 17.05)
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Other Dating Methods
David H. Kelley and Eugene F. Milone (2005360)
Bryan Wells and Andreas Fuls independently
developed the correlation 660,208. This is a
modification of the continuity correlation
660,205. Strong historical evidence indicates
that these correlations (three days apart) give
dates falling in the correct year.
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Continuity of Calendar Round
According to the colonial documents the calendar
round date 12 Kawak 1(2) Pop should fall between
13th and 25th July 1540 (Chilam Balam) or one
year later on 19th July 1541 (Landa). In GMT
(584283) it is the 18th July 1540 AD, or in GMT2
(584285) the 20th July 1540 AD. In WF (660208)
it is the 23rd July 1540.
13th 25th July 1540
19th July 1541
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Obsidian Hydration Dating in Copán
WF (660208 correlation)
GMT (584285 correlation)
The GMT creates a gap of about 225 years
29
Radiocarbon Dating (C-14)

• Wooden Lintel from Tikal, Temple IIV
• build shortly after 9.15.15.14.0
• WF (660208) 955 A.D.
• GMT (584285) 747 A.D.
• C-14 692 to 959 A.D. (1 s)

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Evolution of Glyphs
after Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo (1995)
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3 Monkey
3 Monkey Temple Burner and His brother 4 House
Rattle Shaker are Born
3 Monkey in Copán (_at_16) 9.14.19.5.0 4 Ahaw 18
Muwan WF 13. Oct. 938 A.D. GMT 1. Dec. 730 A.D.
GMT creates a gap of at least 156 years
3 Monkey in Xochicalco year 4 Rabbit day 6
Foot Kelley, Rabin 938 A.D. Caso 886 A.D.
They die in the war with Heaven
3 Monkey in Mixtec Codices Kelley,
Rabin / Caso Birth year 1 Rabbit A.D. 922 /
870 Death year 3 Reed A.D. 963 / 911 or 12
Flint A.D. 972 / 920
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Conclusions
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David Kelleys Correlation Criteria
GMT
WF
Calendar round
with corrections to data
1) Colonial Documents
2) Geochemical Evidence
-100 years
100 years
14C Data
No
Yes
Obsidian Hydration (Copan)
No
Yes
3) Dirt Archaeology
No
Yes
4) Astronomy
No
Yes
5) Historical Documents
6) Evolution of Glyphs
No
Yes
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Commentaries

• Arlen F. Chase (1986100) proposes that an
  11.3.0.0.0 in general fits the archaeological,
  and historical data better then the GMTs. Chase
  (pers. com. 2000) initial response to the WF
  correlation was "Your use of astronomical data
  to arrive at a 660208 correlation is close enough
  to my conception of the variation involved in an
  11.3.0.0.0 correlation to be perfectly
  acceptable and accord with interpretations of
  Postclassic archaeological data."
• Charles E. Lincoln (1986190) tells us (based on
  his detailed analysis of Chichen Itza) that "If
  one accepts "overlap", the temporal equation of
  Toltec Chichen Itza with the Terminal Classic
  period, one must either throw out one of the few
  consistent and relatively positive statements in
  all of Maya ethnohistory, which is that
  concerning the comparatively recent date for the
  fall of Mayapan, or abandon the Thompson
  correlation." (i.e. the GMTs). He also suggests
  an 11.3.0.0.0 or the 663310 correlation (Kelley
  1983) would better fit the archaeological data.
  The 663310 correlation is 8 years later than the
  WF correlation.
• Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo (1995413) Si
  sólo dependiera de la Paleografía, el análisis de
  las grafías presentes en los textos postclásicos
  y su comparación con las grafías clásicas debería
  concluir que la correlación 11.16.0.0.0
  actualmente en uso es muy alta, y recomendaría
  una profunda revisión de los argumentos que
  sustentan dicha correlación, instando a una nueva
  reconsideración de aquellos otros argumentos que
  han sugerido una cronología más corta para el
  Periodo Postclásico.
• David H. Kelley now uses the 660205 correlation.
  In his new book Exploring Ancient Skies
• (2005) he calls the WF correlation The best yet
  proposed.

35
Chichén Itzá and Tula Overlap Model
Karl Taube (1994244) The identification by
Tozzer (1930) of distinct Maya and Toltec
warriors at Chichen appears to be entirely
correct. it is clear that the influence of
the Mexican Warrior cult at Toltec Chichen is
important, profound, and cannot be ignored.
(ibid) The GMT would limit the overlap of Tula
and Chichen to 37 years and would place the
overlap at the beginning of Tula and not during
Toltec Florescence.
Temple of the Warriors Chichén Itzá
Temple B Tula
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New Chronology
New Chronology from Wells and Fuls
(WF) 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw 8 Kumku 21.7. 2906
BC
Toltec Empire
Aztec
Teotihuacan
Chichen Itza
Mayapan
Classic Period Maya Monuments
8.16.0.0.0
9.9.0.0.0
10.0.0.0.0
Early Postclassic
Late Postclassic
11.5.0.0.0
10.10.0.0.0
Late Classic
Early Classic
1530
1235 A.D.
1038 A.D.
565 A.D.
821 A.D.
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• Thank you for your attention!

E-mail fuls_at_igg.tu-berlin.de Homepage
http//www.archaeoastronomie.de
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C-14 and OH Dating
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Kalibrierung von C-14 Daten
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C-14 and OH Dating (2)
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Mixtekische Genealogie
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Kometenbeobachtung
Tikal, Stele 5 9.15.3.6.8 3 Lamat 20.10. 942
n. Chr.
Rauchender Todesgott-Stern
Rainaldus (Anjou, ca. 1152) Komet ab 18.10. 942
n. Chr. für 21 Tage beobachtet. Cosmas (Prag,
ca. 1125) Komet ab 18.10. 942 n. Chr. für 14
Tage im Westen gesehen.