Culture

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Culture

• Joshua Phelps
• February 28th 2005

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Lecture Outline

• Introduction to Culture
• Culture and Social Psychology
• Social Psychological Concepts and Variations
  across Cultures
• Acculturation
• My Research
• Conclusion

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Exam Question

• Sammenlign individualistiske og kollektivistiske
  kulturer med utgangspunkt i ulike
  sosialpsykologiske fenomener.

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What is Culture?

• The shared way of life of a group of people,
  including their artifacts (such as social
  institutions and technology) and their symbols
  (such as communications and myths) (Berry et al.,
  2002).

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Norwegian Culture
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Globalization and Norwegian Culture
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Culture and Psychology

• Questions (Hogg Vaughan, 2005)
• Are Western psychological theories valid in other
  countries?
• Are there psychological constructs that are
  culture specific?
• How can we evolve a psychology with universal
  relevance?
• Types of Psychologists dealing with Culture
• Cross-Cultural
• Cultural
• Intercultural

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Universal vs. Culture-Specific Behavior

• Etic-emic distinction
• Etic Approach (Universal Constructs)
• Emic Approach (Culture Specific)

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Universals

• Berry et al. (2002) Positions, roles, sanctions,
  norms
• Aberle (1950) Prerequisites of Society

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Universals

• Fiske (1993) Relational Theory
• Communal Sharing
• Authority Ranking
• Equality Matching
• Market Pricing

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Cultural Variations in Behavior

• Norms
• Greetings
• Eating Habits
• Dress
• Amae Japanese passive love
• Emic Construct

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Culture and Social Psychology

• History of Neglect
• Culture Bound
• Culture Blind

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Culture and Social Psychology

• The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology (Fiske,
  Kitayama, Markus, Nisbett, 1998)
• Culture Essential for Survival
• Psychological Processes Linked and Bound to
  Culture
• Matrix Figure

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Values

• Hofstede (1980)
• Power Distance-Egalitarianism
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Masculinity-Feminity
• Individualism/Collectivism
• Schwartz (1992 1997)
• Openness to Change vs. Conservatism
• Self-Enhancement vs. Self-Transcendence

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Individualism/Collectivism

• Individualism societal structure and world view
  in which people prioritize standing out as an
  individual over fitting in as a group member
• Collectivism societal structure and world view
  in which people prioritize group loyalty,
  commitment and conformity, and belonging and
  fitting-in to groups over standing out as an
  isolated individual

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Break Exercise

• Hvem er jeg?
• 5 sentences to describe yourself

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Hvem er jeg?

• Western Independent Self
• I am optimistic.
• Interdependent Self
• I am Joshs friend.
• I play football on weekends

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Cultural variations in social psychological
principles

• The Self
• Markus and Kitayama (1991) Independent vs.
  Interdependent Self
• Figure
• Evaluation and Self Esteem
• Attribution

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Cultural variations in social psychological
principles

• Conformity
• Prosocial Behavior
• Cognitive Dissonance

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What Happens when Cultures Meet?

• Intercultural Contact
• Acculturation
• Changes in a cultural group or individual as a
  result of contact with another cultural group
  (Berry et al., 2002)

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Acculturation Strategies

• Individual Strategies
• Assimilation, Integration, Marginalization,
  Separation
• Societal Strategies
• Melting Pot, Multiculturalism, Marginalization,
  Exclusion
• Figure

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Other Issues and Intercultural Contact

• Culture Change and Cultural Diversity
• Intercultural Conflict
• Identity, Identity Confusion, and Identity Threat
• Intergroup Behavior
• Stereotypes and Prejudice
• Discrimination

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Video

• Bend it Like Beckham

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My Research Involvements

• Masters Dissertation Resistance to Persuasion
  Principle of Social Proof
• Attitudes toward Illegal Immigrants
• Ideology and Language in the Public Discourse
• Acculturation Strategies among Pakistani
  immigrants

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Conclusion

• Culture
• Interest in Social Psychology
• Feedback

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Questions

• joshph_at_psykologi.uio.no
• For Exam or Future

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Sources

• Hogg Vaughan (2005). Social Psychology
• Berry, Poortinga, Segall, Dasan (2002).
  Cross-Cultural Psychology. Research and
  Applications.
• Fiske et al. (1998). The Cultural Matrix of
  Social Psychology